Bioavailability and biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Abstract

Ophthalmic diclofenac sodium 0.1% administered topically every 12 h in one or both eyes for 7 days is detectable in systemic circulation in the domestic chicken, but does not cause overt significant changes in plasma uric acid or total protein.

Effects of trometamol ketorolac eye drops on blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis in healthy dogs

“…Although systemic absorption of TK was not examined in the present study, it might have occurred because prednisolone and dexamethasone were detected in the plasma of healthy dogs 1, 7, and 14 days after both drugs were administered as ophthalmic solutions (Segabb et al, 2020;Ewald et al, 2022). Additionally, systemic absorption following the instillation of ophthalmic NSAIDs has been confirmed in chickens (diclofenac), rabbits (diclofenac and TK), and cats (flurbiprofen and diclofenac) (Griggs et al, 2017;Pereira et al, 2019;Hsu et al, 2015;Lanuza et al, 2016). In the present study, the dogs were not kept in a controlled environment.…”

“…Albumin levels also remained within the reference range during the study; however, in comparison with baseline, significantly higher albumin levels were observed on day 15 (P<0.001) (Table 1). The total protein and albumin levels also did not change significantly in cats and chickens treated with the ophthalmic solution diclofenac for over seven days (Hsu et al, 2015. Griggs et al, 2017.…”

“…Systemic absorption following the instillation of ophthalmic NSAIDs has been confirmed in chickens, rabbits, and cats (Hsu et al, 2015;Lanuza et al, 2016;Griggs et al, 2017;Pereira et al, 2019). In chickens, topical administration of diclofenac to one or both eyes decreased total protein levels, but it did not alter plasma uric acid levels (Griggs et al, 2017). Similarly, Pereira et al demonstrated that rabbits treated for 90 days with a topical TK ophthalmic solution did not develop adverse systemic events based on clinical signs, food consumption, laboratory findings, and histopathology of the kidneys and liver.…”

“…Occurrence of adverse systemic events secondary to topical administration of NSAIDs, although rare, has been reported in human beings as an in vitro inhibition of platelet function and exacerbation of bronchial asthma (Falcinelli et al, 2019;Syed et al, 2021). Systemic absorption following the instillation of ophthalmic NSAIDs has been confirmed in chickens, rabbits, and cats (Hsu et al, 2015;Lanuza et al, 2016;Griggs et al, 2017;Pereira et al, 2019). In chickens, topical administration of diclofenac to one or both eyes decreased total protein levels, but it did not alter plasma uric acid levels (Griggs et al, 2017).…”

Prednisolone and dexamethasone are systemically absorbed after topical application of ophthalmic suspensions in healthy dogs

“…application of ophthalmic medications, a portion is absorbed systemically via the conjunctiva and/or the nasal, oral, or gastrointestinal mucosa after the medication passes through the nasolacrimal system. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] When absorbed via the ocular, oral, or nasal mucous membranes, medications do not undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver but instead have direct delivery into systemic circulation. 9,16 A portion of an eyedrop is also wasted via spillage over the periocular skin (where there is presumably no to little systemic absorption), especially for volumes that exceed the volumetric capacity of the ocular surface.…”