Bioavailability of Phytochemicals

Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Sprouts and Microgreens: An Updated Overview from a Nutraceutical Perspective

“…The human consumption of foods or nutraceuticals is not limited to bioactive compounds. In the human body, bioavailability is determined as the fraction of the dose administered that reaches the circulatory system and then distributes into target tissues so that the bioactive compounds are biologically available for exerting health-promoting benefits [ 88 ]. Many factors could affect the bioavailability of the dietary phytochemicals, including plant cell wall compositions, chemical structures, processing conditions, environmental stress, as well as an individual’s gastrointestinal system [ 56 ].…”

“…There are two directions for the digestion of dietary phenolics, comprising digestion along the gastrointestinal tract and digestion inside the enterocytes. These digestions are based on hydrolase enzymes, which are available in the intestinal lumen, brush border, and enterocyte [ 88 ]. Many studies showed that polyphenols are absorbed in both the small intestine and the large intestine by intestinal enzymes after microbial digestions [ 88 ].…”

“…These digestions are based on hydrolase enzymes, which are available in the intestinal lumen, brush border, and enterocyte [ 88 ]. Many studies showed that polyphenols are absorbed in both the small intestine and the large intestine by intestinal enzymes after microbial digestions [ 88 ]. In the human small intestine and stomach, gallic acid and caffeic acid are the most well-absorbed compounds (95%), followed by catechins (20%).…”

“…They are pH-sensitive, which could be broken down in the stomach and readily absorbable. Flavonoid group is one of the group molecules with molecular weights > 500 Da so that it has a low bioavailability level (1%) because molecules are improbable to be transported through passive diffusion pathways [ 76 , 88 , 91 ].…”

Development and Characterization of Different Black Raspberry Confection Matrices Designed for Delivery of Phytochemicals

“…Various bioactives are found in BRB including anthocyanins, ellagitannins, ellagic acid, flavonoids, ferulic acid, fiber, vitamins, and minerals (Stoner ), among which anthocyanins are one of the major group of compounds contributing to the antioxidant and anticancer activities (Cooke and others ). Although BRB showed promising effects in oral diseases prevention, there is significant concern that many of the bioactive components consumed from fruit and vegetable are poorly absorbed (Epriliati and Ginjom ), which forms an obstacle to systemic bioactivity.…”