Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Soil and Hay Matrices in Lactating Goats

Abstract

This experiment was aimed at determining the bioavailability of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in goats: phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. A Latin square design procedure was carried out involving three alpine lactating goats and three PAH-contaminated matrices (soil, hay, and oil as a control). Milk and urine samples were collected to assess PAH and hydroxy-PAH excretion kinetics and to compare the carry-over rates for the different matrices. PAHs were found to be excreted mainly in urine; metabolite concentrations were about 20 times higher in urine than in milk. 1-Hydroxypyrene was the major metabolite in both body fluids (8000 ng/mL urine and 450 ng/mL milk); it may be considered as a valuable indicator of the ruminant exposure to PAHs. Apparent absorption of PAHs estimated by the metabolite excretion in urine and milk reached 34% for pyrene from soil, and the bioavailability of soil-bound PAHs was found to be similar to the bioavailability of PAHs from the other matrices.

Degradation of pyrene by an enteric bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata PS4040

“…3 Degradation of 1-hydroxypyrene (Metabolite I) by L adecarboxylata PS4040 as sole source of carbon and energy pyrene occurring in urine of animals exposed orally to pyrene and the strain of L. adecarboxylata PS4040 is from the family enterobacteriaceae. There are reports detecting 1-hydroxypyrene as an intermediate for mammalian pyrene degradation (Buratti et al 2000;Costera et al 2009). This metabolite is also very extensively used as a bio-monitoring of pyrene exposure to mammals including humans (Buratti et al 2000;Wiele et al 2005;Costera et al 2009).…”

“…There are reports detecting 1-hydroxypyrene as an intermediate for mammalian pyrene degradation (Buratti et al 2000;Costera et al 2009). This metabolite is also very extensively used as a bio-monitoring of pyrene exposure to mammals including humans (Buratti et al 2000;Wiele et al 2005;Costera et al 2009). …”

PAHs concentration in heat-treated milk samples

“…Regulation ( There are some data in literature concerning the levels of PAHs in cow's milk Ounnas et al, 2009) and same studies admit the transfer of PAHs from feed to milk (Costera et al, 2009;Creäpineau et al, 2003;Grova, Feidt, Creäpineau, et al, 2002;Grova, Feidt, Laurent and Rychen, 2002;Kishikawa et al, 2003;Luitz et al, 2006).…”

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in milk by a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction and capillary electrophoresis

“…Milk from ruminants—such as cows and goats—has been the subject of recent concerns. When ruminants are exposed to contaminated soils, their PAH intake can reach up to 50 mg per day .…”

“…OH‐PAHs determination has been made either with HPLC and fluorescence detection or GC–MS with previous chemical derivatization. Sample volumes varying from 5 to 50 mL have provided LODs ranging from 0.04 ng/mL (1OH‐Pyr) to 5.1 ng/mL (2OH‐Flu) . The main disadvantages of the reported methodology are the low recoveries (32–43%) and relatively long analysis times.…”