Biobehavior of the human love of salt

Leshem, Micah

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.007

Cited by 103 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…Sodium is a key component of animal development, important for the function of neural and muscle tissue (10)(11)(12) and affecting the development of traits, such as brain size (13)(14)(15)(16). However, sodium availability is limited in most ecosystems (17)(18)(19), which is thought to have led to the evolution of sodium cravings (20,21) and specific foraging behavior to acquire sodium (22)(23)(24)(25). Humans are increasing sodium availability, particularly through the application of road salt (26)(27)(28)(29) but also, through agricultural activity (30).…”

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confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies

Snell‐Rood

Espeset

Boser

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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The development of organisms is changing drastically because of anthropogenic changes in once-limited nutrients. Although the importance of changing macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, is well-established, it is less clear how anthropogenic changes in micronutrients will affect organismal development, potentially changing dynamics of selection. We use butterflies as a study system to test whether changes in sodium availability due to road salt runoff have significant effects on the development of sodium-limited traits, such as neural and muscle tissue. We first document how road salt runoff can elevate sodium concentrations in the tissue of some plant groups by 1.5-30 times. Using monarch butterflies reared on roadside-and prairie-collected milkweed, we then show that road salt runoff can result in increased muscle mass (in males) and neural investment (in females). Finally, we use an artificial diet manipulation in cabbage white butterflies to show that variation in sodium chloride per se positively affects male flight muscle and female brain size. Variation in sodium not only has different effects depending on sex, but also can have opposing effects on the same tissue: across both species, males increase investment in flight muscle with increasing sodium, whereas females show the opposite pattern. Taken together, our results show that anthropogenic changes in sodium availability can affect the development of traits in roadside-feeding herbivores. This research suggests that changing micronutrient availability could alter selection on foraging behavior for some roadside-developing invertebrates.nutritional ecology | Danaus plexippus | Pieris rapae | ecological stoichiometry

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confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies

Snell‐Rood

Espeset

Boser

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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“…Salt preference and food intake are affected by socioeconomic and psychophysiological factors such as recent dietary habit, culture, and income [22] [23]. Taste preferences are acquired early in life through the process of choosing foods and actual salt intake [24].…”

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confidence: 99%

Salt Preference and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in a Japanese General Population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study

Tadenuma¹,

Kanda²,

Ishikawa³

et al. 2016

Health

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Dietary salt intake has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there were few studies that assessed the relationship of salt preference with CVD. We examined the association between salt preference and the incidence of CVD and its subtypes in a Japanese general population. Based on the prospective Jichi Medical School Cohort Study, data were analyzed from 11,394 eligible participants. A baseline survey of the preference for salt was obtained by questionnaire and health examinations from April 1992 through July 1995 in 12 communities in Japan. The participants were followed up until December 2005 (mean follow-up period, 10.7 ± 2.4 years). Subjects were divided into three categories according to their preference for salt: favor, so-so, and disfavor. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of the incidence of CVD according to the preference categories. We observed 485 cardiovascular events (258 in men and 227 in women). Among the men, the multivariable adjusted HRs for incidence of myocardial infarction and subarachnoid hemorrhage for favor versus so-so salt preference were 0.34 (95% confidence interval, 0.17 -0.71) and 7.10 (0.88 -56.84), respectively. * Corresponding author. S. Tadenuma et al. 106Among the women, age-adjusted HRs for the incidence of CVD, total stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral infarction for the favor preference were 1.41 (1.02 -1.95), 1.36 (0.97 -1.91), 1.79 (0.87 -3.71), and 1.40 (0.89 -2.19), respectively. The data indicated that preference for salt may be associated with an increase in the incidence of CVD in women.

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“…Leshem (2009) las describió así: 1. Los humanos no responden espontá-neamente a una pérdida aguda de sodio buscando sal, mientras que los animales sí (e.g., ganado, elefante); 2. los humanos rechazan la sal pura, de modo que siempre la toman añadida a los alimentos; y 3. los humanos sólo consumen cloruro de sodio y no otras sales de sodio.…”

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Excessive consumption of salt and hypertension: Implications for public health / Consumo excesivo de sal e hipertensión arterial: Implicaciones para la salud pública

Argüelles

Núñez

Perillán

2018

Rev. Mex. Trast. Alim.

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Salt is necessary for the proper functioning of the organism, but the excessive use of it in feeding has increased the incidence of arterial hypertension (AHT), which constitutes the main risk factor of death in the world, and the second of disability due to heart disease and brain strokes. The aim of this work was to review, from a current perspective, the relationships between salt consumption (SCN) and public health, with emphasis on AHT, as well as in the existing policies aimed at reducing its overuse. Multiple studies indicate that the reduction of SCN is one of the most effective measures. However, the addition of salt during cooking is not the only problem, since the greatest amount of salt comes from precooked foods. Therefore, the fight against excessive SCN should be conceived as a permanent activity of medical services, with the constant support of public authorities, and collaboration of food industries by reducing or eliminating salt addition from prepared meals, following the scientific recommendations issued in recent years. Keywords: Salt consumption; Sodium intake; Hypertension; Cardiovascular diseases; Public health ResumenLa sal es necesaria para el buen funcionamiento del organismo, pero el aumento excesivo de su ingesta está produciendo incremento en la incidencia de hipertensión arterial (HTA), la que constituye el principal factor de riesgo de muerte en el mundo, y el segundo de discapacidad por enfermedad cardiaca y accidente cerebrovascular. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar, desde una perspectiva actual, las relaciones existentes entre el consumo de sal (CNS) y la salud pública, haciendo énfasis en la HTA, así como en las políticas existentes encaminadas a reducir su sobreuso. Múltiples estudios señalan que la reducción del CNS en la población es una de las medidas más eficaces. Sin embargo, la adición de sal durante el cocinado no es el único problema, ya que la mayor cantidad proviene de

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Biobehavior of the human love of salt

Cited by 103 publications

References 199 publications

Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies

Anthropogenic changes in sodium affect neural and muscle development in butterflies

Salt Preference and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in a Japanese General Population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study

Excessive consumption of salt and hypertension: Implications for public health / Consumo excesivo de sal e hipertensión arterial: Implicaciones para la salud pública

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