“…Compared to other coating substances, including proteins ( Gennadios, 2002 ), particular peptide sequences ( Pagel and Beck-Sickinger, 2017 ), ceramics ( Montazerian et al, 2022 ), and metals ( Yin et al, 2021 ), polydopamine (PDA), a melanin-like mussel-inspired coating polymer ( Ghorbani et al, 2022 ), possesses a variety of desirable properties, such as outstanding adhesion features ( Ghalandari et al, 2021 ; Feinberg and Hanks, 2022 ), extraordinary hydrophilicity ( Li et al, 2018 ), biodegradability ( Zhang and King, 2020 ), uniform shape ( Saeed et al, 2021 ), biocompatibility ( Zeng et al, 2020 ), and thermal stability ( Yim et al, 2022 ). Furthermore, its biological properties, including enhanced cellular proliferation, improved bioactivity, free-radical scavenging activities, metal ion chelating capacity, and anti-bacterial capability, originate from its catecholamine and hydroxyl functional groups ( Yu et al, 2017 ; Ghorbani et al, 2019b , 2019a ; Deng et al, 2021 ).…”