Biochar-derived heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

Balajii, Muthusamy; Niju, Subramaniapillai

doi:10.1007/s10311-019-00885-x

Cited by 101 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Biochar is a product (solid form) resulted from biomass pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen content (oxygen-free atmosphere) (Dhyani and Bhaskar 2018;Balajii and Niju 2019). It is beneficial as an energy supplier because of its remarkable merits (i.e.…”

Section: Co 2 As An Activating Medium In Biomass Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: a review

et al. 2020

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Human activities have led to a massive increase in $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 emissions as a primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to climate change with higher than $$1\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ 1 ∘ C global warming than that of the pre-industrial level. We evaluate the three major technologies that are utilised for carbon capture: pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxyfuel combustion. We review the advances in carbon capture, storage and utilisation. We compare carbon uptake technologies with techniques of carbon dioxide separation. Monoethanolamine is the most common carbon sorbent; yet it requires a high regeneration energy of 3.5 GJ per tonne of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 . Alternatively, recent advances in sorbent technology reveal novel solvents such as a modulated amine blend with lower regeneration energy of 2.17 GJ per tonne of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 . Graphene-type materials show $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 adsorption capacity of 0.07 mol/g, which is 10 times higher than that of specific types of activated carbon, zeolites and metal–organic frameworks. $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 geosequestration provides an efficient and long-term strategy for storing the captured $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 in geological formations with a global storage capacity factor at a Gt-scale within operational timescales. Regarding the utilisation route, currently, the gross global utilisation of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 is lower than 200 million tonnes per year, which is roughly negligible compared with the extent of global anthropogenic $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 emissions, which is higher than 32,000 million tonnes per year. Herein, we review different $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 utilisation methods such as direct routes, i.e. beverage carbonation, food packaging and oil recovery, chemical industries and fuels. Moreover, we investigated additional $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 utilisation for base-load power generation, seasonal energy storage, and district cooling and cryogenic direct air $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 capture using geothermal energy. Through bibliometric mapping, we identified the research gap in the literature within this field which requires future investigations, for instance, designing new and stable ionic liquids, pore size and selectivity of metal–organic frameworks and enhancing the adsorption capacity of novel solvents. Moreover, areas such as techno-economic evaluation of novel solvents, process design and dynamic simulation require further effort as well as research and development before pilot- and commercial-scale trials.

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Section: Co 2 As An Activating Medium In Biomass Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: a review

et al. 2020

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“…The biodiesel’s chemical composition generally contains almost negligible sulphur content, no aromatics, and a substantial amount of oxygen by weight. These compositions reduce CO, NO x , SO x , hydrocarbon, and particulate matter via exhaust gases (Balajii and Niju 2019 ). Accordingly, the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), via standard ASTM D6751-20, and the European Committee for Standardization via standard EN 14,214 describe test methods and standard specifications for 100% biodiesel (B100) fuel stock (Berrios et al 2011 ; Hassan and Kalam 2013 ; Singh et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Biodiesel As a Clean Fuelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoferrites heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from soybean and canola oil: a review

et al. 2021

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Fossil fuel depletion and pollution are calling for alternative, renewable energies such as biofuels. Actual challenges include the design of efficient processes and catalysts to convert various feedstocks into biofuels. Here, we review nanoferrites heterogeneous catalysts to produce biodiesel from soybean and canola oil. For that, transesterification is the main synthesis route and offers simplicity, cost-effectiveness, better process control, and high conversion yield. Catalysis with nanoferrites and composites allow to obtain yields higher than 95% conversion with less than 5.0 wt.% of catalyst loading at 80 °C in 1–2 h. More than 90% conversion yields can be achieved with a moderate alcohol/oil molar ratio, i.e., between 12:1 to 16:1. Catalyst recovery is easy due to the magnetic properties of nanoferrite, which can be effectively reused up to 4 times with less than 10% loss of catalytic efficiency.

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“…Activation is a very popular technique developed to enhance the surface area, porosity and surface characteristics, which significantly impacts the adsorptive performance. Generally, two routes are discussed within the literature, physical and chemical (Balajii and Niju 2019;Kosheleva et al 2019;Heidarinejad et al 2020). Physical activation is carried out at high temperatures in the presence of steam or gas such as CO 2 .…”

Section: Biochar Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review

et al. 2021

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In the context of climate change, there is an urgent need for rapid and efficient methods to capture and sequester carbon from the atmosphere. For instance, production, use and storage of biochar are highly carbon negative, resulting in an estimated sequestration of 0.3–2 Gt CO2 year−1 by 2050. Yet, biochar production requires more knowledge on feedstocks, thermochemical conversion and end applications. Herein, we review the design and development of biochar systems, and we investigate the carbon removal industry. Carbon removal efforts are currently promoted via the voluntary market. The major commercialized technologies for offering atmospheric carbon removal are forestation, direct air carbon capture utilization and storage, soil carbon sequestration, wooden building elements and biochar, with corresponding fees ranging from 10 to 895 GBP (British pounds) per ton CO2. Biochar fees range from 52 to 131 GBP per ton CO2, which indicates that biochar production is a realistic strategy that can be deployed at large scale. Carbon removal services via biochar are currently offered through robust marketplaces that require extensive certification, verification and monitoring, which adds an element of credibility and authenticity. Biochar eligibility is highly dependent on the type of feedstock utilized and processing conditions employed. Process optimization is imperative to produce an end product that meets application-specific requirements, environmental regulations and achieve ultimate stability for carbon sequestration purposes.

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Biochar-derived heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

Cited by 101 publications

References 64 publications

Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: a review

Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: a review

Nanoferrites heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from soybean and canola oil: a review

Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review

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