Biochemical analysis and toxicity studies of some heavy metals and their correlation with different diseases

Abstract

The problem of heavy metal toxicity is a burning issue all over the world and more prominent in countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Often times, it is seen that the people of the affected areas are unaware of the toxic effects of these metals. Medical practitioners at the same time did not investigate the presence of heavy metals in the body. The present study aims to analyze the concentration of toxic heavy metals in different body fluids and their correlation with other medical investigations. The amounts of heavy metals viz Cu, Pb, Mn and Ni in random patients suffering from liver, kidney and heart diseases of Mayo Hospital Lahore have been investigated with the help of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The routine medical tests and treatment was performed in the same hospital while the analysis of heavy metals was done in GC University Lahore. The values of selected heavy metals are high in patients as compared to their allowed or standard values. The value of Mn was between 0.36 and 24.16 ppm; for Pb, the values were between 2.10 and 24.79 ppm; for Ni it was between 2.33 and 243.59 ppm and for Cu the values of these were between 3.10 and 18.83 ppm. All these values were much greater than the allowed limits.

A facile chemiluminescence strategy for copper(ii) ion detection utilizing azothiacalix[4]arene-functionalized carboxymethylcellulose polymeric ligand

“…3 Although our bodies require trace amounts of copper (B900 mg day À1 ) for metabolic transformations, the higher levels (10 mg day À1 ) could be seriously dangerous, leading to problems such as stomach pain, burning sensation, blue vomit, abdominal cavity pain, diarrhea, anemia, and Wilson's disease. 2,[4][5][6] Copper(II) ions have extensive applications in various industries such as electricity, pigments, fertilizers, radiators, and insecticides. Therefore, large amounts of copper(II) are entering water sources through industrial wastewater.…”

“…On the other hand, thiacalix [4]arenes can be useful for Cu 2+ detection in aqueous solution due to their tunable cavity size. Also, according to the literature, nitrogen and sulfur groups are active sites for copper(II) binding.…”

“…Also, according to the literature, nitrogen and sulfur groups are active sites for copper(II) binding. 25,26 Therefore, the modification of thiacalix [4]arenes at the upper or lower rim with nitrogen binding sites would result in good candidates for copper(II) detection.…”

“…The main hypothesis of this work is that a combination of reactive functionalized cellulose with host-gust chemistry of thiacalix [4]arenes could synergically enhance the CL signal of the Cu 2+ to develop a precise CL-based technique. The participating components involved in the CL process were placed in a suitable thiacalix [4]arenes cavity space that facilitated the detection of copper(II) by the CL method.…”

“…The main hypothesis of this work is that a combination of reactive functionalized cellulose with host-gust chemistry of thiacalix [4]arenes could synergically enhance the CL signal of the Cu 2+ to develop a precise CL-based technique. The participating components involved in the CL process were placed in a suitable thiacalix [4]arenes cavity space that facilitated the detection of copper(II) by the CL method. In the current work, for the first time, a novel reactive biopolymer-based hydrogel system was prepared from azothiacalix [4]arene (AC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via click reaction (Scheme 1) and used for ultra-trace determination of copper(II) in aqueous solution.…”