Biochemical and biological characterization of the Hypanus americanus mucus: A perspective on stingray immunity and toxins

Skin Mucus of Marine Fish as a Source for the Development of Antimicrobial Agents

“…Fraction 3 was able to inhibit the growth of T. rubrum and C. neoformans. Conversely, fraction 5 is active only against C. albicans and no antibiotic effect was observed for the other fractions (Coelho et al, 2019).…”

Neglected Venomous Animals and Toxins: Underrated Biotechnological Tools in Drug Development

“…Moreover, authors describe the antimicrobial effect of molecules fractionated from the mucus. The proteomic analyses revealed proteins that are involved in the immune response, and are very similar to the proteins related to the sting, and also similar to proteins described in fishes from Teleostei class, indicating that the epidermal secretions of stingrays could be more related to an innate immune system than with a venom delivery system [146]. This hypothesis was recently reinforced in a work that analyzed the genomic data of a venomous fish and associated the presence of aerolysin (considered as a toxin) with the immune system [147].…”

“…Although less frequent, marine rays also cause human accidents, but few works report them. In this sense, some of these authors have studied Hypanus americanum's mucus, searching for toxins [146]. It is noteworthy to mention that a marine stingray's whole body is covered by mucus produced by epithelial cells.…”

“…This large volume was directly pumped into the C18-RP-HPLC column via system pump 'A'. After total sample loading, standard chromatography was performed [146].…”

Fatty acid and lipid class composition in cutaneous mucus of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar(L.)

“…The major structural constituents of fish cutaneous mucus are mucins (highly glycosylated high molecular weight proteins), in addition to other proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and ions like calcium (Brinchmann, 2016; Shephard, 1994). Cutaneous mucus composition has been determined to differing extents for various fish, from gilthead sea bream Sparus aura ta (L.) (Pérez‐Sánchez et al, 2017) to stingray Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928) (Coelho et al, 2019). However, most studies focused on proteinaceous or immune‐relevant constituents, whilst few studies have characterized the lipid and fatty acid constituents despite influencing mucus properties (Jais et al, 1998; Lewis, 1970; Rahman et al, 2012; Sato et al, 2008; Torrecillas et al, 2019).…”