“…The choice of type I receptor in the signaling complex is the main determinant of which of two signaling pathways is activated: Smad1/5/8, when the type I receptors are ACVRL1, ACVR1, BMPR1A, or BMPR1B; and Smad2/3, when the type I receptors are ACVR1B, TGFBR1, or ACVR1C. Activin A utilizes ACVR1B as its type I receptor in conjunction with the type II receptors ACVR2A, ACVR2B, and, to a lesser extent, BMPR2 to signal through Smad2/3 ( Aykul et al, 2017 ). The biological functions of Activin A have been investigated widely using multiple approaches ( Makanji et al, 2014 ; Namwanje and Brown, 2016 ) including reverse genetics experiments wherein the gene encoding for Activin A – Inhba – has been ‘knocked out’ ( Archambeault and Yao, 2010 ; Matzuk et al, 1995 ; Pangas et al, 2007 ).…”