Biochemical and cytogenetic effects in rats caused by short‐term ingestion of aroclor 1254 or firemaster BP6

Garthoff, Larry H.; Friedman, Leonard; Färber, Theodore M.; Locke, K. K.; Sobotka, Tomáš; Green, S.; Hurley, N. E.; Peters, Edmund L.; Story, Gretchen; Moreland, F.M.; Graham, C. H.; Keys, J.E.; Taylor, Michael J.; Scalera, J. V.; Rothlein, J. E.; Marks, Eillen M.; Cerra, Francis E.; Rodi, Stephen B.; Sporn, E. M.

doi:10.1080/15287397709529612

Cited by 67 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Twenty milliliters of the expired air was removed from the bag by a syringe and injected into a nonsterile, plain, nonsiliconecoated Venoject tube (Terumo Medical Corporation, Elkton, MD) for transport and storage. The u3CO2/2CO2 ratio was determined by differential gas-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (12,23).…”

Section: Caffeine Breath Thstmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these two P-450 families, the P4501 enzyme family in animals is the most sensitive and important biomarker to monitor PBB-induced effect (1,2). In fact, the P-450I enzyme(s) activity is altered at the lowest dose of PBB before any other hepatic or nonhepatic biomarker is affected (1,2,(12)(13)(14). Equally important for its role as a potential biomarker, P-450I activity induction by many polyhalogenated biphenyls can be predictive of its potential to be toxic and some species' or individual's susceptibility to select chemical-induced toxic effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The liver, in animal studies, has been shown to be an important and sensitive sentinel organ to monitor PBB-induced biologic and toxic effects. The liver is the organ where PBBs are preferentially stored, is effected by PBBs at the lowest body burden, and is altered more by PBBs than any other organ showing dramatic histologic and functional changes (1,2,9,(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hepatic parameter in animals that appears to be the most sensitive biomarker of polyhalogenated biphenylinduced biologic effect, including toxicity, is the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function monooxygenase (P-450) system (2,(12)(13)(14). The mammalian P-450 system is a super gene family of at least eight enzyme families that are found in all tissues and is responsible for the metabolism of most environmental chemicals and the synthesis and metabolism of many endobiotics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Caffeine Breath Test and Caffeine Urinary Metabolite Ratios in the Michigan Cohort Exposed to Polybrominated Biphenyls: A Preliminary Study

Lambert¹,

Schoeller²,

Humphrey³

et al. 1990

Environmental Health Perspectives

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A field biochemical epidemiology study was conducted using the Michigan cohort consisting of 51 rural residents exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBB). The study had three major objectives: a) to determine the serum half-life of the major PBB congener, hexabromobiphenyl (HBB), in the human, b) to determine if the PBB-exposed subjects had elevated cytochrome P4501 function as determined by the caffeine breath test (CBT) and the caffeine urinary metabolite ratio (CMR), and c) to determine the applicability of the CBT and CMR in field studies. PBB serum levels were detected in 36 of the 51 PBB-exposed subjects. The serum half-life of HBB was determined by comparing the current serum HBB values to the subject's previous serum values obtained 5 to 8 years earlier. The median HBB half-life was 12 years (range 4-97 years). The CBT and CMR were elevated in the subjects exposed to PBBs as compared to the values obtained from urban nonsmokers and were similar to those found in adults who smoke. A gender effect was seen in the PBB-exposed subjects, the median CBT and CMR values of the females being lower than the values of males. There was a correlation between the CBT and the HBB serum values (r2=0.2, p=0.01) but not between CMR and HBB serum values. The CBT and CMR were easily conducted in the field and appear to be useful metabolic probes of cytochrome P-4501 activity in human environmental toxicology.

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Section: Caffeine Breath Thstmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Caffeine Breath Test and Caffeine Urinary Metabolite Ratios in the Michigan Cohort Exposed to Polybrominated Biphenyls: A Preliminary Study

Lambert¹,

Schoeller²,

Humphrey³

et al. 1990

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…No increase in the frequency of structural chromosomal aberration in bone marrow and spermatogonial cells was observed in rats given repeated doses of Aroclor 1254 by gavage (300 mg/kg bw for five consecutive days or 50 mg/kg bw for seven consecutive days) or in the diet (500 ppm for 5 weeks) (Dikshith et al, 1975;Green et al, 1975a;Garthoff et al, 1977). Aroclor 1254 did not increase the frequency of micronucleus formation in bone marrow of B6C3F 1 mice given Aroclor 1254 as intraperitoneal injections of 15 000 mg/kg bw on five consecutive days (Bruce & Heddle, 1979).…”

Section: (F) Changes In Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls

Agudo

Aronson²,

Bonefeld-Jörgensen³

et al. 2008

Organic Pollutants

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initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http:// monographs.iarc.fr/.This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion, initially by the Unit of Health, Safety and Hygiene at Work, and since 2014 by the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation "EaSI" (2014-2020) The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications -whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution -should be addressed to the IARC Communications Group at: publications@iarc.fr.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.The IARC Monographs Working Group alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication. IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data NOTE TO THE READERThe term 'carcinogenic risk' in the IARC Monographs series is taken to mean that an agent is capable of causing cancer. The Monographs evaluate cancer hazards, despite the historical presence of the word 'risks' in the title.Inclusion of an agent in the Monographs does not imply that it is a carcinogen, only that the published data have been examined. Equally, the fact that an agent has not yet been evaluated in a Monograph does not mean that...

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Halogenated Biphenyls

Mukerjee¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Polyhalogenated biphenyls are a family of compounds based on biphenyl as the parent compound. Chlorinated and brominated biphenyls have been manufactured for commercial purposes. There are 209 possible structural congeners of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and for polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) the same number of congeners can exist. A listing of all PCB congeners is given along with their Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) Registry numbers an identifying numbering system are given. PCBs used commercially are complex mixtures consisting of various PCB congeners and isomers. It has been estimated that in the United States a total of 1400 million pounds of PCBs were manufactured of which 150 million pounds were exported, and 3 million pounds were imported. Because of their nonflammability, thermal stability, outstanding dielectric properties, and resistance to chemical reactivity, PCBs have been used extensively as dielectric fluids in liquid‐cooled electric motors, transformers, capacitors; electromagnets, vacuum pumps, gas turbines, hydraulic fluids; heat‐transfer systems; voltage regulators, liquid‐filled cable, fluorescent light ballasts, electronic equipment; as plasticizers in synthetic resins, adhesives, surface coatings, sealants, printing and carbonless coping papers, pesticide extenders, inks, lubricants, and cutting oils. PCBs have also been used in slide mounting medium for oil immersion lens microscopy. Although PCBs are no longer produced and their use has been discontinued in most countries, many old equipment filled with PCBs are still in service today. World wide approximately 800,00 tons of PCBs are still in use. These equipments are the new sources of environmental contamination when PCBs start leaking or when the equipments are disposed of. Commercial production of polybrominated biphenyls in the United States began in 1970 and was discontinued in early 1977. The general population may be exposed to PCBs from a variety of sources, including food, ambient air, occupational settings, and consumer products. The major exposure routes to humans are through food. Accidental oral exposures to PCBs have been reported. In all cases, total PCB levels must be based on specific congener analysis or direct perchlorination rather than in terms of Aroclors because the congener patterns in environmental media and biological tissues usually do not match those in Aroclor fluids unless massive contamination has occurred (typical of spills and some occupational situations). Thus predictive models based on specific congener data must also be utilized. The less chlorinated congeners predominate in air samples from known contaminated areas and in water and wet deposition samples with temperature and the amount of sediment in river and water samples being important covariables. In contrast, the more highly chlorinated isomers with substituents at the 2,4,5 or 2′,4′,5′ positions tend to bioaccumulate in some crop vegetables, game animals, fish, and human tissue samples. PCBs in contaminated soils can be absorbed by plants and vegetables with shallow‐root systems to PCB contamination, although volatilization in this situation is also favored; erosion of such soils will also cause contamination of sediments. The more chlorinated congeners dominate in soils and sediments and the resident biota (cash crops, vegetables, fish, aquatic life). The absolute levels in any situation depend on which of the competing processes dominates. PCB mixtures produce low to moderate acute toxicity in mammalian species, but produce pronounced subacute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, invertebrates exhibit greater acute toxicity to PCBs (LC 50 s<1 mg/L). In addition, as reported for other halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs exhibit significant interspecies variability in toxicity. In considering the health effects of PCBs in animals, it is important to consider the isomer and congener composition of the PCBs, potential impurities, the length of exposure, and the species under investigation.

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Biochemical and cytogenetic effects in rats caused by short‐term ingestion of aroclor 1254 or firemaster BP6

Cited by 67 publications

References 40 publications

The Caffeine Breath Test and Caffeine Urinary Metabolite Ratios in the Michigan Cohort Exposed to Polybrominated Biphenyls: A Preliminary Study

The Caffeine Breath Test and Caffeine Urinary Metabolite Ratios in the Michigan Cohort Exposed to Polybrominated Biphenyls: A Preliminary Study

Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls

Halogenated Biphenyls

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