Biochemical Basis of Cyfluthrin and DDT Resistance in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malarious Area of Iran

Gorouhi, Mohammad Amin; Oshaghi, Mohammad Ali; Vatandoost, Hassan; Enayati, Ahmad Ali; Ahmad, Rasheed; Abai, M.; Salim-Abadie, Yaser; Hanafi‐Bojd, Ahmad Ali; Paksa, Azim; Nikpoor, Fatemeh

doi:10.18502/jad.v12i3.82

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…DDT resistance in Iran and many other countries is primarily GST-related [ 43 , 62 , 84 – 86 , 89 ]. On the other hand, GSTs may be involved secondarily in pyrethroid insecticide resistance in some insects [ 46 , 100 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The involvement of esterases in insecticide resistance in An. stephensi from Iran, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan is documented in several papers [ 34 , 36 , 47 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 102 , 103 ]. The rather wide spectrum of impact of esterase-based insecticide resistance is of important operational implication as it defines the cross-resistance spectrum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Involvement of GSTs, esterases and cytochrome p450s in DDT and pyrethroid insecticide resistance was also revealed in a study involving An. stephensi adults that underwent selection for DDT and cyfluthrin [89].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Insecticide Resistance In Anopheles Stephensimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

Enayati

Hanafi‐Bojd

Sedaghat

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: While Iran is on the path to eliminating malaria, the disease with 4.9 million estimated cases and 9300 estimated deaths in 2018 remains a serious health problem in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. Anopheles stephensi is the main malaria vector in Iran and its range extends from Iraq to western China. Recently, the vector invaded new territories in Sri Lanka and countries in the Horn of Africa. Insecticide resistance in An. stephensi is a potential issue in controlling the spread of this vector. Methods: Data were collated from national and international databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SID, and IranMedex using appropriate search terms. Results: Indoor residual spaying (IRS) with DDT was piloted in Iran in 1945 and subsequently used in the malaria eradication programme. Resistance to DDT in An. stephensi was detected in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia in the late 1960s. Malathion was used for malaria control in Iran in 1967, then propoxur in 1978, followed by pirimiphosmethyl from 1992 to 1994. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was used from 1994 to 2003 followed by deltamethrin IRS and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Some of these insecticides with the same sequence were used in other malaria-endemic countries of the region. Pyrethroid resistance was detected in An. stephensi in Afghanistan in 2010, in 2011 in India and in 2012 in Iran. The newly invaded population of An. stephensi in Ethiopia was resistant to insecticides of all four major insecticide classes. Different mechanisms of insecticide resistance, including metabolic and insecticide target site insensitivity, have been developed in An. stephensi. Resistance to DDT was initially glutathione S-transferase based. Target site knockdown resistance was later selected by pyrethroids. Esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase are the underlying cause of organophosphate resistance and cytochrome p450s were involved in pyrethroid metabolic resistance. Conclusions: Anopheles stephensi is a major malaria vector in Iran and many countries in the region and beyond. The species is leading in terms of development of insecticide resistance as well as developing a variety of resistance mechanisms. Knowledge of the evolution of insecticide resistance and their underlying mechanisms, in particular, are important to Iran, considering the final steps the country is taking towards malaria elimination, but also to other countries in the region for their battle against malaria. This systematic review may also be of value to countries and territories newly invaded by this species, especially in the Horn of Africa, where the malaria situation is already dire.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

Enayati

Hanafi‐Bojd

Sedaghat

et al. 2020

Malar J

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“…Third, early detection of Anopheles' susceptibility status to insecticides can be useful as information to select the most appropriate insecticides for specific local vector control. Detecting Anopheles resistance to insecticides can be conducted using several ways, namely, conventional detection (based on the WHO susceptibility test standard using impregnated paper) [33], [34]. However, this mechanism of Anopheles in Purworejo needs to be confirmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Agricultural Pesticide Exposure to Malaria Incidence and Anopheles Susceptibility at an Endemic Area in Central Java, Indonesia â€“ A Caseâ€“control Study

Mahkota

Nurcandra

Anggraini

et al. 2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp. This disease often occurs in tropical countries and has sometimes been reported in agricultural countries. This vector-borne disease is associated with environmental factors and the presence of vectors. Some studies found that Anopheles is resistant to insecticide, and this topic was encouraged by the WHO for malaria control. AIM: This research aimed to explain the causal effects of agricultural pesticide exposure on malaria incidence and Anopheles susceptibility in an endemic area of Indonesia. METHODS: A case–control study was conducted between September and October 2016 in Purworejo, Central Java. The case group involved 131 individuals who had malaria in 2016 based on their medical records, whereas the control group comprised 131 individuals who were neighbors of the cases and never had a history of malaria. Cases were selected randomly from hospital medical records. Both case and control groups were interviewed using the same questionnaire, and data were analyzed using logistic regression. Insecticide susceptibility test was used to test the 80 mosquito samples collected from the neighborhood of recent malaria cases. RESULTS: The quantity of agricultural pesticide remains a potential health risk to malaria (odds ratio = 2.15; 95% confidence interval 1.000–4.638), which was adjusted by confounders (sex, resting place, and insecticide net). The susceptibility test indicated that Anopheles was resistant to both permethrin (86.25%) and bendiocarb (68.75%). CONCLUSIONS: The quantity of agricultural pesticide contributes as a risk factor to malaria incidences, and Anopheles was indicated to be resistant to bendiocarb in Purworejo, Central Java.

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“…Currently, the most common methods of mosquito control are indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITN) [1,7]. But due to emerging insecticide resistance in malaria vectors, particularly in A. stephensi [8][9][10], and considering the eco-environmental concerns about off-target effects of insecticide use, it is imperative to nd innovative control measures [11][12][13][14][15]. Transmission blocking strategy (TBS) has been recently proposed as a potential means of malaria control, with more emphasis on inhibiting the development of the Plasmodium parasite in the vector mosquito [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Anti-Malaria Potency of Wild and Genetically Modified Enterobacter Cloacae Expressing Effector Proteins in Anopheles Stephensi

Dehghan

Mosa-Kazemi

Yakhchali

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Malaria is one of the most lethal infectious diseases in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. To fight the disease, paratransgenesis using symbiotic bacteria offers a sustainable and environmentally-friendly strategy. Here we evaluated the disruption of malaria transmission in the Anopheles stephensi-Plasmodium berghei assemblage, using wild and modified insect gut bacterium, Enterobacter cloacae.Methods: The assay was carried out using E. cloacae dissolvens wild-type (WT) and its three engineered strains expressing GFP-defensin (GFP-D), scorpine-HasA (S-HasA), and HasA, The 3-5 day-old female mosquitoes were supplemented overnight with the studied bacteria [1×109cells/mL of 5% (wt/vol), fructose and red dye (1/50 ml)] soaked on cotton-wool. Each group of sugar-fed mosquitoes was then starved for 4-6 hours and fed on a P. berghei–infected mouse for 20 min in the dark at 17-20°C. The blood-fed mosquitoes were kept at 19±1°C and RH 80±5, and parasite infection was measured by midgut dissection and oocyst counting 10 days post-infection (dpi). Results: Both wild-type and genetically modified bacterial strains significantly (P< 0.0001) disrupted the P. berghei development in the An. stephensi midgut, in comparison with the control group. The mean parasite inhibition of E. cloacaeWT, E. cloacaeHasA, E. cloacaeS-HasA, and E. cloacaeGFP-D was measured as 72, 86, 92.5 and 92.8 respectively. Conclusions: The wild and modified E. cloacae might abolish oocyst development by providing a physical barrier or by excretion of intrinsic effector molecules. These findings reinforce the case for the use of either wild or genetically modified E. cloacae bacteria as a powerful tool to combat malaria.

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Biochemical Basis of Cyfluthrin and DDT Resistance in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malarious Area of Iran

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

Risk of Agricultural Pesticide Exposure to Malaria Incidence and Anopheles Susceptibility at an Endemic Area in Central Java, Indonesia â€“ A Caseâ€“control Study

Evaluation of Anti-Malaria Potency of Wild and Genetically Modified Enterobacter Cloacae Expressing Effector Proteins in Anopheles Stephensi

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