Biochemical biomarkers alterations in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory disease, which can evolve into multi-organ failure (MOF), leading to death. Several biochemical alterations have been described in COVID-19 patients. To date, many biomarkers reflecting the main pathophysiological characteristics of the disease have been identified and associated with the risk of developing severe disease. Lymphopenia represents the hallmark of the disease, and it can be detected since the early stage of infection. Increased levels of several inflammatory biomarkers, including c-reactive protein, have been found in COVID-19 patients and associated with an increased risk of severe disease, which is characterised by the so-called “cytokine storm”. Also, the increase of cardiac and liver dysfunction biomarkers has been associated with poor outcome. In this review, we provide an overview of the main biochemical characteristics of COVID-19 and the associated biomarkers alterations.</jats:p>

A biological profile for diagnosis and outcome of COVID-19 patients

“…After two to three weeks of hospitalization, AST, GGT and ALP began to rise and were often higher in the ICU group than in the non-ICU group. Indeed, specific liver enzymes appear to be a late biomarker of organ damage as multiples studies showed [10,18,24]. In this study AST rose until the second week of hospitalization.…”

“…The responsible mechanisms are still unknown, but the main hypotheses are either chemokine-mediated lymphocyte redistribution and sequestration in the lungs or bone marrow suppression via CD13 or CD66 [14][15][16][17]. Lymphopenia, appearing generally 8 days after the onset of symptoms, was frequent and more pronounced within the first week of hospitalization and continued right until the third week of hospitalization [18]. In order to determine its prognostic usefulness, we compared the lymphocyte values found in different patients' groups.…”

Cerebrospinal fluid findings in neurological diseases associated with COVID-19 and insights into mechanisms of disease development

“…Possible mechanisms implicated in these neurological conditions are neuronal injury associated with direct virus infection, hyperinflammation syndrome associated with cytokines storm, a para- or post-infectious inflammatory disease, an immune-mediated disease, or a secondary process due to severe effects of a systemic disorder (sepsis, hyperpyrexia, hypoxia, hypercoagulability, critical illness) ( Gris et al, 2020 , Mehta et al, 2020b , Zubair et al, 2020 ). Several biomarkers for COVID-19 severity have been identified in blood, including C-reactive protein, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, and ferritin ( Ciaccio and Agnello 2020 ), but less evidences are available for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers.…”

Alteration of biomarkers of expired and cured COVID- 19 ICU patients in a tertiary care hospital

“…Over the last 17 months of its spread, till 30 th April 2021, approximately 152,113,053 positive cases and 3,196,373 deaths were reported worldwide owing to the high transmission efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 [2]. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single stranded RNA viruses classified into four genera: alpha-, beta-, gamma-and delta-CoV ; SARS-CoV-2 is a β-COV [3]. COVID-19 primarily manifested as a respiratory tract infection with symptoms of fever, dry cough and fatigue; in severer cases, dyspnea and may also manifest as systemic infection.…”