Biochemical characterization of a native group III trypsin ZT from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Sandholt, Gunnar B.; Stefansson, Bjarki; Scheving, Reynir; Guðmundsdóttir, Ágústa

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.099

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, while most studies on digestive biochemistry of fish have reported several isoenzymes for different enzymes, only a handful of studies have investigated the adaptive value of this isoenzyme richness. The occurrence of multiple isoforms for digestive proteases is thought to provide an adaptive advantage for insects feeding on plants containing inhibitors (Dıáz-Mendoza et al, 2005), for crustaceans feeding on a broad diet (Saborowski et al, 2012;Perera et al, 2015), and as an adaptation to environmental temperature in only few fish species (Gelman et al, 2008;Sandholt et al, 2019). In the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), trypsin isoenzymes have been thoroughly studied (Torrissen, 1987;Rungruangsak-Torrissen, 2012) and related to differences in the absorption and transport of free amino acids (Torrissen et al, 1994;Rungruangsak-Torrissen and Male, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical features and modulation of digestive enzymes by environmental temperature in the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili

2022

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The study of fish digestive biochemistry is essential to understand factors that affect the net efficiency of food transformation and growth, and therefore aquaculture profitability. The aim of the present study was to assess the activity and functional characteristics of key digestive enzymes in juveniles of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), as well as the possible modulation of their relative importance by water temperature. For that, a combination of biochemical assays and substrate-SDS-PAGE were used. Under physiological conditions pepsin activity was negligible. Chymotrypsin was the most active enzyme in the digestive tract of the greater amberjack, while lipase was the enzyme with lower activity, though both enzymes in addition to trypsin were responsive to water temperature as revealed by discriminant analysis. Seriola dumerili showed to have pH-sensitive and, except for chymotrypsin, thermally robust proteases. Inhibition assays showed the major importance of serine proteases and revealed inverse trypsin and chymotrypsin responses to environmental temperature, with higher trypsin contribution in 26°C-fish while higher chymotrypsin contribution in 18°C-fish. Zymograms revealed three isotrypsin and three isochymotrypsin enzymes, with no variation in the presence of particular isoforms among rearing temperatures. However, they confirmed the role of chymotrypsin activity in providing digestive plasticity, with one of the isoforms being more active at lower temperatures. Thus, results indicate that variation in the relative contribution of chymotrypsin isoenzymes to a particular environmental temperature occurs due to different physic-chemical features of isoforms as a source of functional flexibility. This study assessed for the first time the effects of rearing temperature on greater amberjack digestive enzymes, increasing the knowledge on its digestive biochemistry, and aiding in the improvement of management practices for this species industrialization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical features and modulation of digestive enzymes by environmental temperature in the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili

2022

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“…The spike protein S is responsible for the entry of coronaviruses into host cells 3 . Trypsin cleaves at arginine and lysine amino acid residues within proteins 5 . There are over 100 lysine and arginine residues present within SARS‐CoV‐2 S protein (GenBank QHD43416.1) and about 80 such residues in HCoV‐229E S protein (GenBank ABB90529.1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the results presented in this study, CZ-MD was found to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 (98.3%) and HCoV-229E (99.9%) in vitro (Table 1) Trypsin cleaves at arginine and lysine amino acid residues within proteins. 5 There are over 100 lysine and arginine residues present within SARS-CoV-2 S protein (GenBank QHD43416.1) and about 80 such residues in HCoV-229E S protein (GenBank ABB90529.1). These trypsin specific sites within the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E may not be readily accessible due to a glycan shield and some of the lysine or arginine residues may be buried within the S protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 ColdZyme ® (CZ-MD) is a commercially available CE marked Class III medical device mouth spray against the common cold. It contains glycerol and minor amounts of purified cold-adapted trypsin 5 from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). CZ-MD creates a physical protective barrier on the mucus membrane (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03901846) against common cold viruses in the throat where SARS-CoV-2 2,6 and HCoV-229E 7 replicate.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E in vitro by ColdZyme® a medical device mouth spray against the common cold

Guðmundsdóttir

Scheving

Lindberg

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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Background The COVID‐19 pandemic calls for effective and safe treatments. SARS‐CoV‐2 causing COVID‐19 actively replicates in the throat, unlike SARS‐CoV, and shows high pharyngeal viral shedding even in patients with mild symptoms of the disease. HCoV‐229E is one of four coronaviruses causing the common cold. In this study, the efficacy of ColdZyme® (CZ‐MD), a medical device mouth spray, was tested against SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E in vitro . The CZ‐MD provides a protective glycerol barrier containing cod trypsin as an ancillary component. Combined, these ingredients can inactivate common cold viruses in the throat and mouth. The CZ‐MD is believed to act on the viral surface proteins that would perturb their entry pathway into cells. The efficacy and safety of the CZ‐MD has been demonstrated in clinical trials on the common cold. Method of study The ability of the CZ‐MD to inactivate SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E was tested using an in vitro virucidal suspension test (ASTM E1052). Results CZ‐MD inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 by 98.3% and HCoV‐229E by 99.9%. Conclusion CZ‐MD mouth spray can inactivate the respiratory coronaviruses SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E in vitro . Although the in vitro results presented cannot be directly translated into clinical efficacy, the study indicates that CZ‐MD might offer a protective barrier against SARS‐CoV‐2 and a decreased risk of COVID‐19 transmission. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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“…ColdZyme is a class III medical device (CE-marked) composed of glycerol, water, buffer, CaCl 2 , menthol, and trypsin from the Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) ( 6 ) (ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03901846). The ColdZyme mouth spray forms a physical barrier that interferes with entry of common cold viruses, which subsequently become trapped and inactivated ( 7 , 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ColdZyme Maintains Integrity in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Airway Epithelia

Posch

Vosper²,

Zaderer

et al. 2021

mBio

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Biochemical characterization of a native group III trypsin ZT from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Cited by 8 publications

References 53 publications

Biochemical features and modulation of digestive enzymes by environmental temperature in the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili

Biochemical features and modulation of digestive enzymes by environmental temperature in the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili

Inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 and HCoV‐229E in vitro by ColdZyme® a medical device mouth spray against the common cold

ColdZyme Maintains Integrity in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Airway Epithelia

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