Biochemical diagnostic tests for the effect of air pollution on plants

Darrall, N. M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-408-11152-2.50029-4

Cited by 26 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…For species growing in unmanaged ecosystems, a much larger range of symptoms have been reported. These include reduced photosynthesis (Patterson & Rundel ; Darrall & Jager ; Heck et al . ), basal area increment or bole diameter in trees (Peterson et al .…”

Section: Measurements Of Ozone‐induced Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems

2019

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Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is an important stressor in natural ecosystems, with welldocumented impacts on soils, biota and ecological processes. The effects of O 3 on individual plants and processes scale up through the ecosystem through effects on carbon, nutrient and hydrologic dynamics. Ozone effects on individual species and their associated microflora and fauna cascade through the ecosystem to the landscape level. Systematic injury surveys demonstrate that foliar injury occurs on sensitive species throughout the globe. However, deleterious impacts on plant carbon, water and nutrient balance can also occur without visible injury. Because sensitivity to O 3 may follow coarse physiognomic plant classes (in general, herbaceous crops are more sensitive than deciduous woody plants, grasses and conifers), the task still remains to use stomatal O 3 uptake to assess class and species' sensitivity. Investigations of the radial growth of mature trees, in combination with data from many controlled studies with seedlings, suggest that ambient O 3 reduces growth of mature trees in some locations. Models based on tree physiology and forest stand dynamics suggest that modest effects of O 3 on growth may accumulate over time, other stresses (prolonged drought, excess nitrogen deposition) may exacerbate the direct effects of O 3 on tree growth, and competitive interactions among species may be altered. Ozone exposure over decades may be altering the species composition of forests currently, and as fossil fuel combustion products generate more O 3 than deteriorates in the atmosphere, into the future as well.

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Section: Measurements Of Ozone‐induced Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems

2019

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“…We speculate that because these seedlings were just being established, they may have been more sensitive to elevated O 3 . Chlorophyll formation is affected by many environmental factors such as light, temperature, water stress, and mineral nutrition that can affect metabolic processes (Darrall and Jager 1984). It is likely that mineral nutrition was not a contributing factor in the reduction in chlorophyll.…”

Section: Elevated O 3 Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foliar physiology of yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.) exposed to O 3 and elevated CO 2 over five seasons.

Rebbeck

Scherzer

Loats

2004

Trees - Structure and Function

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The chronic effects of ozone (O 3 ) alone or combined with elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on the foliar physiology of unfertilized field-grown yellowpoplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings were studied from 1992 to 1996. Within open-top chambers, juvenile trees were exposed to the following: charcoal-filtered air (CF); 1 ambient ozone (1XO 3 ); 1.5 ambient ozone (1.5XO 3 ); 1.5 ambient ozone plus 700 ppm carbon dioxide (1.5XO 3 +CO 2 ); or chamberless open-air (OA). Seasonal 24-h mean ambient O 3 concentrations ranged from 32 to 46 ppm over the five seasons. Averaged over 5 years, midseason net photosynthesis at saturating light (A sat ) was reduced by 14% (P=0.029) and stomatal conductance (g s ) was reduced, albeit non-significant, by 13% (P =0.096) in upper canopy foliage exposed to 1.5XO 3 -air relative to CF controls. There were no significant differences over the 5 years in A sat and g s between trees grown in 1XO 3 -and 1.5XO 3 -air. Our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of O 3 effects on A sat and g s decreases as saplings age. When averaged over the five seasons of exposure, total chlorophyll concentration (chl) was not significantly affected by exposure to elevated O 3 ; however, in 1.5XO 3 +CO 2 -air, foliar chl was reduced by 33% relative to all others (P<0.001). In 1.5XO 3 +CO 2 -air, A sat was 1.4-1.9 times higher (P<0.001) and g s was 0.7 times lower (P=0.022) than all others. O 3 uptake in juvenile trees exposed to elevated O 3 plus elevated CO 2 (1.5XO 3 +CO 2 -air) was most comparable to trees exposed to ambient air (1XO 3 ) throughout the study. These findings suggest that elevated CO 2 may minimize the negative effects of O 3 by reducing O 3 uptake through decreased stomatal conductance.

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“…It remains a fact of omission that despite the widespread use of chlorophyll destruction as a marker for gaseous pollution (see Darrall & Jager, 1984), there are few reports which examine the fate of chlorophyll following exposure to pollutants. An exception is the work of Merzlyak & Kovrizhnikh (1986) and their cited earlier papers.…”

Section: Physical Hazards {A) Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports of decreased chlorophyll concentrations in plants fumigated with SO2 often record the degradation of chlorophyll a rather than chlorophyll b (e.g. Katz & Shore, 1955;Ricks & Williams, 1975;Lauenroth & Dodd, 1981), although instances of simultaneous destruction of chlorophyll a and b in SO2exposed tissues are known (see Darrall & Jager, 1984). This degradative effect of SO2 is however, confounded by reports of the promotion of chlorophyll synthesis by NO2 (e.g.…”

Section: Physical Hazards {A) Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Degradation of Chlorophyll — A Biological Enigma

1987

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Summary Some 109tonnes of chlorophyll are destroyed each year on land and in the oceans. The fate of these chlorophylls is, however, largely unknown. This review describes the developmental stages at which chlorophyll breakdown occurs in aquatic and terrestrial biological systems, and the destruction arising from herbivory, disease, pollution and other physical hazards. At the cellular level, an attempt is made to separate the breakdown of chlorophyll during senescence from the many other events associated with cell destruction and death. A consideration of the more important chemical and biophysical properties of chlorophylls and their derivatives is provided, together with data on their spectral properties. The biosynthetic and biodegradative pathways of chlorophyll metabolism are, so far as is possible, described with some predictions as to the likely fate of the missing tonnes. Two types of degradation are recognized; the first involves up to five defined enzymes concerned with the early stages, the second covers the less well defined enzymic and non‐enzymic destruction of the macrocyclic structure. These degradative reactions are compared with the reactions implicated in the breakdown of other porphyrins including haems in plants and animals. A brief description is given of the occurrence of breakdown products of chlorophyll in past biomass, including those of geological significance and those in a more recent archaeological context. Finally, the economic significance of chlorophyll breakdown is considered in the context of agriculture and horticulture, veterinary and medical sciences, food colouring and cosmetic industries, and the multi‐million‐dollar attraction of autumn leaf fall to tourism.

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Biochemical diagnostic tests for the effect of air pollution on plants

Cited by 26 publications

References 56 publications

Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems

Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems

Foliar physiology of yellow-poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.) exposed to O 3 and elevated CO 2 over five seasons.

The Degradation of Chlorophyll — A Biological Enigma

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