Biochemical Markers of Cardiovascular Damage from Tobacco Smoke

Leone, Aurelio

doi:10.2174/1381612054367391

Cited by 79 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of smokingrelated disorders [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smoking associated changes in the respiratory immune system have been involved in the pathogenesis of COPD [1,12], CVD [2] and lung cancer [1]. Although cigarette smoking is a recognised risk factor associated with COPD, and smoking cessation is accompanied by a reduction in the rate of decline of lung function, much of the aetiology remains to be clarified [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of cigarette smoking on circulating leukocytes and plasma cytokines in monozygotic twins

Andreoli¹,

Bassi²,

Gregg³

et al. 2015

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)

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Background: Despite the well-documented role of cigarette smoke in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, biomarkers for screening or monitoring disease progression and outcome remain elusive, particularly for COPD and lung cancer. Inflammatory cells and mediators are likely to be involved in the disease processes, but their importance is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate early changes in immunological markers associated with smoking in healthy monozygotic twins without a detectable disease discordant for smoking, thereby minimising data variability due to genetic background. Methods: Twenty-two monozygotic twin pairs, aged 31.5 ± 6.3 years, entered the study. One of each twin pair was a smoker and the other a non-smoker. None of the subjects reported any diseases or clinically defined respiratory symptoms or airflow limitation. Each subject donated blood samples for determination of total leukocytes and subpopulations, lymphocyte subpopulation plus pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-α, soluble tumour necrosis factor-α receptors and C-reactive protein). Results: We observed a significant increase in the number of circulating leukocytes and neutrophils in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smokers also had significantly higher numbers of B cells and CD4 + T cells, plus an increased CD4/CD8 ratio. The numbers of NK cells were statistically significant lower in smokers compared to non-smokers.

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“…Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of smokingrelated disorders [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cigarette smoking on circulating leukocytes and plasma cytokines in monozygotic twins

Andreoli¹,

Bassi²,

Gregg³

et al. 2015

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)

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“…Both of them are under the adverse effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide, which are the main compounds that trigger the damage [14][15][16][17][18][19] . The damage of the endothelium is probably the earliest event in the process of lesion formation, and, therefore, hence,the assessment of endothelial function may be a useful prognostic tool for artery disease.…”

Section: Onset and Type Of Cardiovascular Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Controversial Features of Cardiovascular Damage from Cigarette Smoking

Leone

2016

Journal of Cardiology and Therapy

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A great number of studies have undoubtedly demonstrated that cardiovascular damage from cigarette smoking cannot be denied, although some controversies on the topic still exist. The damage to the heart and blood vessels is initially characterized by transient functional alterations consisting of endothelial dysfunction, reduced exercise tolerance, increased systolic blood pressure and heart rate following acute exposure. On the contrary, chronic exposure to smoking develops, at the time, firstly reversible and, then, irreversible lesions mainly involving myocardium with an ischemic damage and smoke cardiomyopathy as well as coronary, carotid and cerebral arteries, which display atherosclerotic pathology. The analysis of the epidemiological studies on cardiovascular damage support the controversies on the effects of smoking, because not the same alterations are sometimes observed in different studies on the topic. However, when standardized experimental procedures are followed, the same alterations are clearly reproduced showing that cardiovascular damage from cigarette smoking cannot be denied.

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“…Nicotine is only partially responsible for the detrimental effects of smoking as several constituents from cigarette smoke result in the development and progression of cardiovascular damage, particularly atherosclerotic lesions (Aurelio Leone, 2005).…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery

Wang¹

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Cigarette smoking has become one of the leading causes of preventable deaths all over the world, causing a serious threat to human wellbeing and a tremendous economic burden to governments. The currently available treatment options for smoking cessation are not efficient. The pulmonary delivery of drugs by methods such as dry powder inhaler (DPI) has been recognized as one of the most efficient routes of drug delivery to the targeted area. The lung delivery of nicotine in this way would be expected to mimic the effects of tobacco smoking and could significantly reduce the negative health effects of smoking that result from nicotine addiction.The aim of this study is to develop nanoparticles with controlled physicochemical properties using biodegradable polymer of chitosan (CS) loaded with nicotine salt for pulmonary delivery as DPI formulations. The outcomes of this project are expected to be a safe and effective CS-based nicotine formulation for pulmonary delivery to treat nicotine dependence. This thesis specially addresses the research questions: (1) how to develop a feasible process to manufacture the nanoparticles suitable for pulmonary drug delivery using biodegradable polymer of CS containing nicotine salt; (2) how to develop an animal model for pulmonary drug delivery from DPI formulation using a nose-only inhalation device.The current therapeutic options for treatment of smoking addiction have been reviewed, and current advancements of technology in pulmonary drug delivery are summarised. Buccal administration of drugs exhibits a low oral bioavailability, and sublingual tablets and chewing gums can be swallowed before being absorbed.Although nasal spray of nicotine is a fast way to deliver nicotine into the bloodstream, Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery iii the rate of absorption is still not as rapid as cigarette smoking. Therefore, it is proposed that delivery of nicotine with sustained drug release profile direct into the deep lung is likely to more effectively mimic the rapid effects of cigarette smoking on a physiological level, which could eliminate patient craving and allow the tapering of nicotine level over time to improve patients' compliance.Water in oil (w/o) emulsion crosslinking method has been used to fabricate nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT)-loaded CS nanoparticles which separate as solid microaggregates. The physicochemical properties of particles are characterized by a series of techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the prepared particles are spherical in morphology with rough surface after loading CS particles with NHT. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)by Zetasizer determined nanoparticle size ranging from 167.6 nm to 411 nm, while DLS by Mastersizer demonstrated that the microaggregates of these nanoparticles are in the respirable range (<5µm). The surface positive charge as measured by zeta potential tends to decrease with increase of mass ratios of NHT to CS, which is in contr...

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Biochemical Markers of Cardiovascular Damage from Tobacco Smoke

Cited by 79 publications

References 67 publications

Effects of cigarette smoking on circulating leukocytes and plasma cytokines in monozygotic twins

Effects of cigarette smoking on circulating leukocytes and plasma cytokines in monozygotic twins

Current and Controversial Features of Cardiovascular Damage from Cigarette Smoking

Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery

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