Biochemical response to exposure to six textile dyes in early developmental stages of Xenopus laevis

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to determine the toxic effect of a lethal concentration of six different commercially used textile dyes on the 46th stage of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The tadpoles were exposed to Astrazon Red FBL, Astrazon Blue FGRL, Remazol Red RR, Remazol Turquoise Blue G-A, Cibacron Red FN-3G, and Cibacron Blue FN-R for 168 h in static test conditions, and thus, 168-h median lethal concentrations (LC(50)s) of each dye were determined to be 0.35, 0.13, 112, 7, 359, and 15.8 mg/L, respectively. Also, to evaluate the sublethal effects of each dye, tadpoles were exposed to different concentrations of dyes (with respect to 168-h LC(50)s) for 24 h. The alteration of selected enzyme activities was tested. For this aim, glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed. After dye exposure, the GST induction or inhibition and LDH induction indicated some possible mechanisms of oxidative stress and deterioration in aerobic respiration processes induced by the tested dyes. Findings of the study suggest that selected biomarker enzymes are useful in understanding the toxic mechanisms of these dyes in X. laevis tadpoles as early warning indicators. Therefore, these selected biomarkers may evaluate the effect of environmental factors, such as textile dye effluents and other industrial pollutants, on amphibians in biomonitoring studies.

Congo Red Effects on Detoxification and Metabolic Enzymes in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792)

“…In this study, LDH activities were increased in Groups A and B, when compared to control during 24 and 48 h. After exposurance to the CR, the increased LDH activity in the fish tissues observed in the present study, may show the increased rate of conversion of lactate to pyruvate and then to glucose. This result is in agreement with those suggested for other aquatic species exposed to azo dye (Güngördü et al, 2013). The liver glycogen of fish was decreased, when they exposed to different xenobiotics.…”

“…One of their important roles is their contribution to phase II in biotransformation of exogenous compounds; typically, conjugation to glutathione makes them more soluble, simplifying their elimination from the organisms (Hajime et al, 2005). The GST activities in Xenopus laevis tadpoles were clearly increased after a 24 h exposure to Astrazon Red FBL, Remazol Red RR, and Remazol Turquoise Blue G-A compared to control (Güngördü et al, 2013). Similar GST induction were determined in hepatopancreas tissue of crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) exposed to some ones of untreated textile wastewaters (Aksu et al, 2015).…”

CYP-dependent induction of glutathione S-transferase in Daphnia similis exposed to a disperse azo dye

“…Similar to our findings here, increased GST activity was found in plants and amphibians after exposure to different dyes (Carias and Novais 2008;Güngördü et al 2013). However, there are few reports on the participation of the GST in the biotransformation of toxic compounds in Daphnia.…”

Unlocking the potential of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for degradation of synthetic organic dyes as wastewater pollutants

“…The dyes caused oxidative stress, and the presence of organic pollutants causes increased levels of the Glutathione S transferase (GST) enzyme. The exposure of fishes to Metanil yellow causes increased GST enzyme activity in the liver and intestinal tissues (Güngördü et al 2013). The zebra fishes are exposed to textile dyes such as Maxilon blue 5G and Reactive blue 203 for 96 h, caused acute toxicity and embryonic damage.…”