“…During the exposure, scallops faced multiple complex stressors: anoxia (Byrne, Gnaiger, McMahon, & Dietz, 1990;McMahon, 1988;Paukstis, et al, 1999;Peredo, Parada, Valdeben, & Peredo, 2006;Widdows, Bayne, Livingstone, Newell, & Donkin, 1979), desiccation (Altieri, 2006;Babarro, et al, 2008;Collas, et al, 2014;Paukstis, et al, 1999;Tarnowska, et al, 2012) and low temperature-caused hypobiosis (Karanova & Gakhova, 2007). To survive desiccation bivalves tend to close their valves and withdraw the soft tissues back into shells to minimize water loss.…”