Biochemical Study of the Effects of Insulin Resistance on Sex Hormones in Men and Women Type-2 Diabetic Patients / Meisan-Iraq

Abstract

Obesity, a case accompanied by increased insulin resistance, is associated with low follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, total testosterone and progesterone and estradiol levels. As there is no scientific report on diabetes complications and its effects on type 2 diabetic patients in the province of Meisan (southern of Iraq), the present investigation was done to evaluate the levels of body mass index, insulin resistance and the levels of sex hormones in serum of both men and women type 2 diabetic patients. Data obtained in the present study, show a significant increase in insulin resistance level (4.24 ± 0.57 Vs. 1.36±0.23 and 4.31 ± 0.59 Vs. 1.18 ±0.13, P < 0.05) respectively, in men and women type 2 diabetic patients compared to control. Also, the present study show a significant decrease in follicle stimulating hormone level (7.24±1.14 Vs. 12.79 ±0.87 and 38.14 ± 4.44 Vs. 54.16 ± 3.64, P < 0.05), a significant decrease in luteinizing hormone level (5.32 ± 0.74 Vs. 7.54± 1.27 and 30.12 ± 4.20 Vs. 43.33±2.07, P < 0.05), a significant decrease in testosterone level (4.69 ± 0.92 Vs. 8.20 ± 2.2 and 0.57 ± 0.11 Vs. 0.69± 0.21, P < 0.01), a significant decrease in progesterone level (0.25 ±0.03 Vs. 0.42 ± 0.10 and 0.30 ± 0.04 Vs. 0.46± 0.12, P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in estradiol level (25.04 ± 3.35 Vs. 33.80±8.4 and 34.33 ± 4.21 Vs. 41.42±5.64, P < 0.05) respectively, in men and women type 2 diabetic patients compared to control. In conclusion, the findings further demonstrated that insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and reduction of fertility. Therefore, the associated of obesity and increased insulin resistance is accompanied by low levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, progesterone and estradiol in both men and women.

Evaluating the clinical significance of RBP4, PAI-1, and some trace elements in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

“…Selenium may be able to lessen ROS and improve insulin resistance due to its significant role as a potent antioxidant 9 . In contrast to a study by Hosseinzadeh et al, who discovered that selenium supplementation might exacerbate insulin resistance in PCOS women, earlier research suggested that selenium intake is linked to lower insulin resistance in PCOS women 21 .…”

“…So, through enhanced markers of insulin metabolism and decreased oxidative stress, Se supplementation may lead to reduced levels of serum DHEA and hirsutism. Numerous earlier investigations have demonstrated an association between high androgen levels brought on by PCOS in women and hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance 21 . Additionally, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, which contribute to endocrine and biochemical changes in women with functional ovarian hyperandrogenism, may be directly connected with oxidative stress (FOH).…”

“…In addition, when zinc binds to the insulin receptor, it may have an insulin-like effect 8 . Therefore, acute zinc shortage brought on by oxidative stress may result in severe abnormalities during the per-ovulatory phase that affects egg maturation, cumulus expansion, and ovulation, as well as explain why PCOS patients have higher insulin resistance 21 . On the other hand, higher Cu concentrations in PCOS-affected women's serum may directly impact infertility rates by lowering progesterone levels, which may lead to anovulation, implantation failure, or luteal phase deficit.…”

“…In addition, zinc must be consumed because it is a metal cofactor for many different enzymes (amine oxidase, copper-dependent superoxide dismutase, cytochrome oxidase, and tyrosinase). The enzyme Cu / Zn superoxide dismutase, which reduces superoxide's toxicity by converting it to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, contains Cu as well 21 . Therefore, a stable balance between the copper-zinc components is responsible for the effectiveness of enzyme function (SOD).…”

“…More research is needed to further understand how zinc or copper contribute to PCOS pathogenicity. This research must consider matched cases and controls for BMI, measure oxidative stress levels, and assess dietary behavior 21 .…”