Biochemical synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: The influence of chemical fixatives used in electron microscopy on nanoparticle formation and catalytic performance

Green approaches for the synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using microbial and plant extracts

“…The synthesized nanoparticles were identified in the cytoplasm, where the metabolites, such as pyruvate, formate, and lactate, act as electron donors for nanoparticle formation. 85 Similarly, Citrobacter bacterial species extracted from wastewater sludge ( via intracellular approach) were used to prepare palladium nanoparticles with 11–16 nm crystallite size. The nanoparticles were formed at 30 °C, pH 6, and under anaerobic conditions with sodium formate as an electron donor.…”

A reusable catalyst based on CuO hexapods and a CuO–Ag composite for the highly efficient reduction of nitrophenols

“…Noble metal NPs (such as Au, Ag, Pd, etc.) have been widely applied as catalysts in the reduction of 4-NP by sodium borohydride, 7,11,12 which process has been considered valuable because of the potential of the resulting 4-AP as a chemical raw material. 13 However, the scarcity of reserves of precious metals such as Au, Pt, and Pd, restricts their use in practical elds and makes it essential to explore alternative, more earth-abundant materials.…”

Ultrafine Palladium Nanoparticles Stabilized in the Porous Liquid of Covalent Organic Cages for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

“…Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit a higher excellent catalytic efficiency than bulk materials as a result of a large number of catalytic sites per unit area and higher surface-to-volume ratios. The size, morphology, and interaction with the substrate material are three key factors dominating the catalytic performance of MNPs. − However, MNPs, especially those with a critical size of 1–2 nm or smaller, tend to lose their catalytic activity during the reaction because of aggregation into larger clusters. To cope with this problem, various methods have been developed to encapsulate or disperse MNPs in heterogeneous or homogeneous systems by the usage of porous materials such as traditional zeolites, , ionic liquid vesicles, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), − covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), porous coordination polymers, organic coordination cages, − and so on.…”