Biochemistry of Alcohols

Abstract

Alcohol is a general term used to refer to chemical structures containing the hydroxyl (-OH) radical group. In daily life, it refers to a type of alcohol, usually called ethanol. When alcohol is ingested into the body, a series of chemical effects occur, especially in the liver. The elimination process that begins when alcohol is ingested is usually absorbed through the stomach and small intestine. This absorption process varies depending on the type of alcohol, the type of food and drinks consumed, the physical condition of the person and other factors. Once in the bloodstream, alcohol is distributed to various tissues of the body, with the majority being metabolized in the liver. However, a small amount is excreted through sweating, urine and respiration. Alcohol metabolism in the liver is carried out by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Compounds such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) play an important role in this metabolism process. Ethanol can also be eliminated by non-oxidative pathways. The effects of alcohol on the body include acetate formation in the liver, impaired metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, altered glucose homeostasis and changes in brain function. Long-term alcohol consumption can have adverse effects on the heart, muscles, brain and other tissues. Alcohol detection is important in forensic toxicology, especially to determine the role of alcohol in forensic events such as traffic accidents and homicides. Biomarkers are important tools used in the detection of alcohol. These include direct biomarkers (EtG, EtS, PEth, YAEE) and indirect biomarkers (MCV, CDT, GGT). These biomarkers help to identify alcohol consumption over different time periods and in different biological samples. Biomarkers are important for the detection of alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption. However, it is important to choose the right biomarker, taking into consideration the characteristics and limitations of each biomarker.