Biochemistry of malaria parasite infected red blood cells by X-ray microscopy

Abstract

Red blood cells infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum are correlatively imaged by tomography using soft X-rays as well as by scanning hard nano-X-ray beam to obtain fluorescence maps of various elements such as S and Fe. In this way one can deduce the amount of Fe bound either in hemoglobin or in hemozoin crystals in the digestive vacuole of the malaria parasite as well as determine the hemoglobin concentrations in the cytosols of the red blood cell and of the parasite. Fluorescence map of K shows that in the parasite’s schizont stage the K concentration in the red blood cell cytosol is diminished by a factor of seven relative to a pristine red blood cell but the total amount of K in the infected red blood cell is the same as in the pristine red blood cell.

Unraveling heme detoxification in the malaria parasite by in situ correlative X-ray fluorescence microscopy and soft X-ray tomography

“…2 to a total number of iron atoms within the crystals of that parasite (Table 1 ), based on the mathematical approach described in Kapishnikov et al . 25 .…”

Cryo-soft X-ray tomography: using soft X-rays to explore the ultrastructure of whole cells

“…Leptothrix orchacea [6], Escherichia coli [7,8], Mycobacterium smegmatis [7], Salmonella enterica [9] Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [10][11][12], Saccharomyces pombe [7,[11][12][13], Candida albicans [7,11,12] Algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [14], Scenedesmus [15] Plankton Emiliania huxleyi [16] Protozoa Plasmodium falcitatum [17,18], Trypanosoma brucei [19], Toxoplasma gondii ( Figure 3)…”

Development of full‐field optical spatial coherence tomography system for automated identification of malaria using the multilevel ensemble classifier

“…From the World Health Organization record, the growing age children were more affected by the malaria parasite disease in the rural areas [1]. However, there are few limitations of these techniques [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], either they are suffering from poor interference signal contrast for deep layers or system is too complex [2,3,13]. It is mandatory to know the early stage malaria diagnosed from the patient's blood to avoid the risk of death and long-lasting infection, which increases the malaria associated diseases [2][3][4].…”

“…Identify the parasite itself in the red blood cells (RBCs) and the response of the blood cells is an indication of malaria. It is mandatory to know the early stage malaria diagnosed from the patient's blood to avoid the risk of death and long-lasting infection, which increases the malaria associated diseases [2][3][4]. In the last decades, quantitative phase microscopic imaging methods, including refractive index tomography, optical diffraction tomography, digital holography quantitative phase microscopy/spectroscopy have been employed for the malaria infected stages of cell studies using structural, biochemical and mechanical features.…”

“…In the last decades, quantitative phase microscopic imaging methods, including refractive index tomography, optical diffraction tomography, digital holography quantitative phase microscopy/spectroscopy have been employed for the malaria infected stages of cell studies using structural, biochemical and mechanical features. However, there are few limitations of these techniques [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], either they are suffering from poor interference signal contrast for deep layers or system is too complex [2,3,13]. Low-coherence interferometry-based full-field optical coherence microscopy emerges as alternative imaging techniques to produce a complex image (both amplitude and phase image) [14].…”