Biochemistry of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

Abstract

Reactive species or free radicals include reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are called reactive oxygen nitrogen species. Reactive oxygen species are formed as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have significant roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. The reactive oxygen species are generated as a byproduct of biochemical reactions, in mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytochrome P , and other cellular components. When oxygen homeostasis is not maintained, oxidative stress is increased in the cellular environment. Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are normal metabolic by-products which are generated continuously by the mitochondria in growing cells. Microsomal cytochrome P enzymes, flavoprotein oxidases and peroxisomal enzymes are other significant intracellular sources of reactive oxygen species.

Brusellozisli Sığırlarda Oksidatif Stres İndeksi ve Lipid Profilinin İncelenmesi

“…In the current study, parameters of oxidative stress were measured to determine the severity of the cellular damage and the effectiveness of the treatment likewise reported formerly [5,6,25] . Oxidative stress parameters have been reported to be stimulated while the antioxidant concentration decreased in brucellosis, a chronic [7,24,26] .…”

“…Free oxygen radicals lead to damage in biological molecules (lipid, proteins and DNA), prevent normal functioning of the cells and lead to increased level of various metabolites which are final products of lipid peroxidation [5,6] . Cells and tissues have antioxidant systems that inhibit radical products and reactions.…”

Research of indicators of the endogenous antioxidant system in rats affected with sodium nitrite on the background of tobacco intoxication

“…Інактивація вільних радикалів здійснюється антиоксидантною системою, яка включає в себе ак-тивні антиокиснювачі та антиоксидантні ферменти, що розривають ланцюги молекул під час реакцій вільнорадикального окиснення, зініційованого вели-кою кількістю АФК [22][23][24][25][26].…”

Clinical Use of Progesterone and Its Relation to Oxidative Stress in Ruminants

“…They are very short-lived reagents, which disrupt the structure of other electrons in the environment of highly energetic electrons. Therefore, free radicals are dangerous to the organism [97]. Free radicals can occur as a by-product in all parts of aerobic cells, during metabolism, or in pathological conditions and they can cause various changes in the cells.…”