Biocide sensitivity of Vermamoeba vermiformis isolated from dental-unit-waterline systems

Dillon, Amanda; Achilles-Day, Undine E.H.; Singhrao, Simarjit Kaur; Pearce, Mark; Morton, L.H.G.; Crean, St John

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.10.026

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Phase-contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy V. vermiformis (CCAP 1534/16) isolated and maintained in the laboratory as described by Dillon et al [13] were placed onto a glass slide containing sterile isotonic saline solution and examined directly under a Zeiss Axio Imager A2 microscope. Images were taken using a Zeiss AxioCam HRc digital camera.…”

Section: Dilution Profiles/regimesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the start of the experiment V. vermiformis was maintained on E. coli following the procedure described previously [13].…”

Section: Maintenance Of V Vermiformismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the 3 rd day, each bacterium was taken and placed as food lines onto R2A plates to feed V. vermiformis at 22°C for seven days as described previously [13].…”

Section: Preparation Of Fresh Live Bacterial Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measure has been introduced by the CDC in dentistry for delivery of safe treatment water [22], although, there are working dental units that are fed directly from municipal water. Where biocides are used to control the contamination levels of the DUWL output water, their use is questioned for a number of reasons; it is considered that as a result of their activity biocides may encourage biofilm formation, introduce bacterial resistance and furthermore, are limited in their ability to control the diverse range of microbes associated with the DUWL heterogeneous biofilm community [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Assessment for the Spread of Serratia marcescens Within Dental-Unit Waterline Systems Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

et al. 2015

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(2015) Risk assessment for the spread of Serratia marcescens within dental unit waterline systems using Vermamoeba vermiformis. Current Microbiology, 71 (4). pp. 434 442.It is advisable to refer to the publisher's version if you intend to cite from the work.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-015-0872-0For more information about UCLan's research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for . Conflict of interest disclosure statementAll named authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.2 Title: Risk assessment for the spread of Serratia marcescens within dental-unit waterline systems using Vermamoeba vermiformis Abstract:Vermamoeba vermiformis is associated with the biofilm ecology of dental-unit waterlines (DUWLs). This study investigated whether V. vermiformis is able to act as a vector for potentially pathogenic bacteria and so aid their dispersal within DUWL systems. Clinical dental water was initially examined for Legionella species by inoculating it onto Legionella selective-medium plates. The molecular identity/profile of the glassy colonies obtained indicated none of these isolates were Legionella species. During this work bacterial colonies were identified as a non-pigmented Serratia marcescens. As the water was from a clinical DUWL which had been treated with Alpron™ this prompted the question as to whether S. marcescens had developed resistance to the biocide. Exposure to Alpron™ indicated that this dental biocide was effective, under laboratory conditions, against S. marcescens at up to 1x10 8 colony forming units/millilitre (cfu/ml). V. vermiformis was cultured for eight weeks on cells of S. marcescens and Escherichia coli. Subsequent electron microscopy showed that V.vermiformis grew equally well on S. marcescens and E. coli (p = 0.0001). Failure to detect the presence of S.marcescens within the encysted amoebae suggests that V. vermiformis is unlikely to act as a vector supporting the growth of this newly isolated, nosocomial bacterium.

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Section: Dilution Profiles/regimesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the start of the experiment V. vermiformis was maintained on E. coli following the procedure described previously [13].…”

Section: Maintenance Of V Vermiformismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the 3 rd day, each bacterium was taken and placed as food lines onto R2A plates to feed V. vermiformis at 22°C for seven days as described previously [13].…”

Section: Preparation Of Fresh Live Bacterial Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Assessment for the Spread of Serratia marcescens Within Dental-Unit Waterline Systems Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

et al. 2015

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“…are known to replicate rapidly intracellularly within protozoan hosts for prolonged periods of time forming amoebic vesicles that can contain hundreds of Legionella cells. 6,24 The relatively few positive Legionella detected may be attributed to the exclusion of freeliving Legionella detection in the method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of amoeba-associatedLegionella pneumophilain hospital water networks of Johannesburg

Muchesa

Leifels

Jurzik

et al. 2018

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases

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The prevalence of free-living amoeba and associated Legionella spp. in hospital water systems may pose a risk of Legionnaires' disease to immuno-compromised patients. This study investigated the occurrence of amoeba-associated Legionella pneumophila in three South African hospital water systems. A total of 98 water and/or biofilm samples were collected from the sterilisation unit, theatres, neonatal ward and intensive care units. Amoebae were isolated from 71 (72.4%) samples. Isolated amoebae were analysed using qPCR and culture methods to test for the presence of Legionella. L. pneumophila did not grow on selective media in any of the samples. A total of 7 out of the 71 (9.9%) amoeba-positive samples showed a positive reaction for L. pneumophila using qPCR. Although relatively few samples were positive for Legionella in this preliminary study, the association with amoeba still presents a potential public health risk to immuno-compromised patients when exposed to contaminated water.

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Monitoring Dental-Unit-Water-Line Output Water by Current In-office Test Kits

Lal¹,

Singhrao²,

Bricknell³

et al. 2014

Curr Microbiol

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The importance of monitoring contamination levels in the output water of dental-unit-water-lines (DUWLs) is essential as they are prone to developing biofilms that may contaminate water that is used to treat patients, with opportunistic pathogens such as species of Legionella, Pseudomonas and others. Dentists and practice staff are also at risk of being infected by means of cross-infection due to aerosols generated from DUWL water. The unit of measurement for the microbial contamination of water by aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria is the colony-forming unit per millilitre (cfu/ml) of water. The UK has its own guidelines set by the Department of Health for water discharged from DUWL to be between 100 and 200 cfu/ml of water. The benchmark or accepted standard laboratory test is by microbiological culture on R2A agar plates. However, this is costly and not convenient for routine testing in dental practices. A number of commercial indicator tests are used in dental surgeries, but they were not developed for the dental market and serve only to indicate gross levels of contamination when used outside of the manufacturer's recommended incubation period. The aim of this article is to briefly review the universal problem of DUWL contamination with microbial biofilms and to update dental professionals on the availability of currently available commercial in-office monitoring systems for aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria and to discuss their limitations for testing water samples in assuring compliance with recommended guidelines.

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Biocide sensitivity of Vermamoeba vermiformis isolated from dental-unit-waterline systems

Cited by 12 publications

References 50 publications

Risk Assessment for the Spread of Serratia marcescens Within Dental-Unit Waterline Systems Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

Risk Assessment for the Spread of Serratia marcescens Within Dental-Unit Waterline Systems Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

Detection of amoeba-associatedLegionella pneumophilain hospital water networks of Johannesburg

Monitoring Dental-Unit-Water-Line Output Water by Current In-office Test Kits

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