Biocompatibility and Surface Roughness of Different Sustainable Dental Composite Blocks: Comprehensive In Vitro Study

Abstract

The study purposed to investigate the biocompatibility and sustainability of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin-based composites compared to a resin-modified ceramic in terms of surface roughness, biofilm formation, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cellular changes observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three CAD/CAM blocks were used, two resin-based composites [Brilliant Crios (BC) and Cerasmart, (CS) and one hybrid ceramic (Vita Enamic (EN)]. Each block was sectioned into 10 × 12 × 2 mm specimens, followed by finishing and polishing. Each specimen was evaluated for surface roughness using 3D optical profilometry and scanned by scanning electron microscopy. Biofilm formation and its relation to surface roughness have been investigated for all tested materials. A Hep-2 cell line was used to investigate the viability through MTT assay. The cytotoxicity of the materials was measured at 24, 48, and 168 h. The activity of P53, caspase 3, and cytochrome C was evaluated to detect the genotoxicity of different groups, followed by TEM tracking of the cellular changes. Statistical analysis was implemented by utilizing a one-way analysis of variance test. The significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. With regard to the surface roughness, no statistically significant differences were shown between groups. BC possessed the highest biofilm formation value, followed by EN and CS, with no significance between them. No correlation between surface roughness of tested materials and biofilm formation was shown. Considering viability, the highest values were recorded for EN, whereas BC showed the lowest values. P53-fold changes in EN were significantly the lowest, indicating less genotoxicity. Within the current study’s limitations, BC showed the highest biofilm formation. However, no significant surface roughness difference or correlation with biofilm formation was observed in tested materials. EN showed the lowest cytotoxicity and the highest viability. EN revealed the best compatibility performance among tested materials. On the contrary, the BC exhibited fewer preferences.

The Biological Activity of Fragmented Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing Dental Materials before and after Exposure to Acidic Environment

“…According to the author’s classification, one can affirm that some of the CAD/CAM restorative materials tested in the present study are moderately cytotoxic (e.g., CS_C powder on BJ cells at all concentrations tested and TC_C powder, only at concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, Figure 6 ; as well as SN_B powder on HaCaT cells at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, Figure 7 ). Our results are in agreement with the literature [ 17 , 34 , 51 , 52 ]. An explanation of this acute cytotoxicity recorded in the case of CS restorative material, exposed to an acidic environment could be related to the ions leaching from nanoceramic resin when the CS material was immersed in a cell culture medium.…”

“…Considering cytotoxicity, BC showed the highest values, followed by CS and EN. Consequently, EN was considered the most biocompatible material among the tested ones [ 34 ]. Another study reported the biocompatibility of Tetric CAD and eight other resin materials [ 35 ].…”

Efficient Photopolymerization of Dental Resin Composites Using the Photoluminescent Long Afterglow of Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+

“…The water absorption capacity and solubility are important indexes to evaluate the repair effect of restorative materials. When the aqueous solution comes into contact with the dental material, the water molecules can penetrate and diffuse into the polymer chains of the material, causing the material to slightly expand or deform, leading to its separation from the tooth or even fall out. , The solubility of dental restorative materials can cause dimensional instability, crack formation, and loosening of the material under internal stress and eventually lead to the fracture of the restorative material . Therefore, the water absorption capacity (Figure d) and solubility (Figure e) of DRCs are evaluated.…”

Biofilm Formation on Hybrid, Resin-Based CAD/CAM Materials for Indirect Restorations: A Comprehensive Review

“…More precisely, after a thorough investigation of the recent literature concerning biofilm formation on resin-based CAD/CAM blocks for permanent indirect restorations, a total of eleven research articles were found [69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]. These studies investigated one or more hybrid, resin-based CAD/ CAM materials with regard to biofilm attachment and growth.…”

“…The materials investigated in each study differed. Some researchers solely examined resinbased CAD/CAM blocks [70,[76][77][78]. Others compared resin-based CAD/CAM blocks to conventional composite resins [74], whereas some in vitro research incorporated direct composite resins, indirect CAD/CAM blocks and human enamel [72,73].…”