Biocompatibility of electroactive polymers in tissues

Kamalesh, Sengothi; Tan, Peicheng; Wang, Jianjun; Lee, Timothy J.; Kang, E. T.; Wang, Chi-Hwa

doi:10.1002/1097-4636(20001205)52:3<467::aid-jbm4>3.0.co;2-6

Cited by 144 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In general, no significant inflammation at the implant site and no signs of abnormality of muscle and adipose tissues in the vicinity of the implants were observed (Guimarda et al, 2007). Kamalesh et al (2000) also investigated the biocompatibility of PANI in different states and found that these polymers are sufficiently biocompatible to be used for biomedical applications. Bidez et al (2006) investigated the adhesion and proliferation properties of H9c2 cardiac myoblasts on a conductive PANI substrate.…”

Section: Polyanilinementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of conductive polymers, scaffolds and electrical stimulation for nerve tissue engineering

Ghasemi‐Mobarakeh¹,

Prabhakaran²,

Morshed³

et al. 2011

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

618

389

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Among the numerous attempts to integrate tissue engineering concepts into strategies to repair nearly all parts of the body, neuronal repair stands out. This is partially due to the complexity of the nervous anatomical system, its functioning and the inefficiency of conventional repair approaches, which are based on single components of either biomaterials or cells alone. Electrical stimulation has been shown to enhance the nerve regeneration process and this consequently makes the use of electrically conductive polymers very attractive for the construction of scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. In this review, by taking into consideration the electrical properties of nerve cells and the effect of electrical stimulation on nerve cells, we discuss the most commonly utilized conductive polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), along with their design and modifications, thus making them suitable scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Other electrospun, composite, conductive scaffolds, such as PANI/gelatin and PPy/poly(ε-caprolactone), with or without electrical stimulation, are also discussed. Different procedures of electrical stimulation which have been used in tissue engineering, with examples on their specific applications in tissue engineering, are also discussed.

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Section: Polyanilinementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of conductive polymers, scaffolds and electrical stimulation for nerve tissue engineering

Ghasemi‐Mobarakeh¹,

Prabhakaran²,

Morshed³

et al. 2011

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

618

389

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show abstract

“…It is generally accepted in the literature that polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and their derivatives have some biocompatibility with living body tissues and fluids. Test for long periods of time (90 days) in vitro and in vivo have shown little evidence of toxicity or immune problems [43][44][45][46][47]. It has, however, been reported in literature that the polyaniline showed some cytotoxicity during in vivo studies [48].…”

Section: A Drug Delivery System Based On Conducting Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposited conductive polymers for controlled drug release: polypyrrole

Alshammary

Walsh

Herrasti

et al. 2015

J Solid State Electrochem

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Over the last 40 years, electrically conductive polymers have become well established as important electrode materials. Polyanilines, polythiophenes and polypyrroles have received particular attention due to their ease of synthesis, chemical stability, mechanical robustness and the ability to tailor their properties. Electrochemical synthesis of these materials as films have proved to be a robust and simple way to realise surface layers with controlled thickness, electrical conductivity and ion transport. In the last decade, the biomedical compatibility of electrodeposited polymers has become recognised; in particular, polypyrroles have been studied extensively and can provide an effective route to pharmaceutical drug release. The factors controlling the electrodeposition of this polymer from practical electrolytes are considered in this review including electrolyte composition and operating conditions such as the temperature and electrode potential. Voltammetry and current-time behaviour are seen to be effective techniques for film characterisation during and after their formation. The degree of take-up and the rate of drug release depend greatly on the structure, composition and oxidation state of the polymer film. Specialised aspects are considered, including galvanic cells with a Mg anode, use of catalytic nanomotors or implantable biofuel cells for a self-powered drug delivery system and nanoporous surfaces and nanostructures. Following a survey of polymer and drug types, progress in this field is summarised and aspects requiring further research are highlighted.

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“…Although recent research has shown that the emeraldine salt of PANI (EPANI) can be successfully fabricated in a biocompatible form [73,74], modern biomedical CPs are typically composed of heterocyclic aromatics, such as derivatives of thiophene and pyrrole [75][76][77][78]. Specifically, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy) have been widely studied for their superior environmental and electrochemical stability [79][80][81][82].…”

Section: Conventional Cp Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conducting polymer-hydrogels for medical electrode applications

Green

Baek

Poole-Warren

et al. 2010

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

247

182

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Conducting polymers hold significant promise as electrode coatings; however, they are characterized by inherently poor mechanical properties. Blending or producing layered conducting polymers with other polymer forms, such as hydrogels, has been proposed as an approach to improving these properties. There are many challenges to producing hybrid polymers incorporating conducting polymers and hydrogels, including the fabrication of structures based on two such dissimilar materials and evaluation of the properties of the resulting structures. Although both fabrication and evaluation of structure-property relationships remain challenges, materials comprised of conducting polymers and hydrogels are promising for the next generation of bioactive electrode coatings.

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Biocompatibility of electroactive polymers in tissues

Cited by 144 publications

References 33 publications

Application of conductive polymers, scaffolds and electrical stimulation for nerve tissue engineering

Application of conductive polymers, scaffolds and electrical stimulation for nerve tissue engineering

Electrodeposited conductive polymers for controlled drug release: polypyrrole

Conducting polymer-hydrogels for medical electrode applications

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