Biocompatible chemical network of α-cellulose-ESBO (epoxidized soybean oil) scaffold for tissue engineering application

Novel styrax liquidus loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol cryogels with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

“…It is known that the rapid initial water adsorption is due to the porosity and hydrophilicity of the scaffolds. 41 The scaffolds produced in our study also showed high-swelling due to their porosity and interconnected pore structure, but due to the decrease in hydrophilicity with the styrax gum additive, a lower swelling may have been exhibited in the samples with a high-styrax ratio (CS:PVAx3 and CS:PVAx5) compared to the blank (CS: PVA) cryogels.…”

Cellulose-based films with internal plasticization with epoxidized soybean oil

“…The same is true for the peak at 1742 cm −1 , which represents the stretching of the ESBO C = O group (Yang et al 2014). The peaks at 845 and 822 cm −1 correspond to the epoxide groups of ESBO that disappeared in cellulose films plasticized with ESBO, indicating a ring-opening reaction of the epoxide groups with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose (Petrović 2008;Pour-Esmaeil et al 2020). Also, the isolated characteristic To further confirm the chemical cross-linking of cellulose and ESBO, extraction tests were performed with chloroform to remove any free ESBO, and the resulting films were analyzed again by FTIR (Fig.…”

“…Only under the conditions of solubilization was there evidence of the disappearance of the epoxide groups and the resulting chemical crosslinking. In dissolved form, cellulose can be present in alkoxy form, which is a good nucleophilic reagent that can react with the epoxide groups of ESBO (Scheme 1), chemically binding to them (Liu et al 2016;Pour-Esmaeil et al 2020). In addition, the unbound epoxide groups of ESBO can react with water in regeneration/washing steps to form hydroxyl groups (Wai et al 2019).…”

“…In the past, typical plasticizers were based on esters of phthalic acid (di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP)) (Crawford and Esmerian 1971) or esters of chloroacetic acid (Koenig et al 2012). More recently, more environmentally friendly options have been tested, such as water, polyols, citrates, vegetable oils, and deep eutectic solvents (Vieira et al 2011;Sirvioe et al 2018;Pour-Esmaeil et al 2020). Even if these plasticizers were effective, they are usually only physically linked to the cellulose, which under certain conditions can lead to migration with consequent changes in cellulose properties, but more importantly to environmental contamination or undesirable interactions with biological systems.…”

“…Even if these plasticizers were effective, they are usually only physically linked to the cellulose, which under certain conditions can lead to migration with consequent changes in cellulose properties, but more importantly to environmental contamination or undesirable interactions with biological systems. One way to overcome this limitation is to dissolve the cellulose followed by a chemical crosslinking step (Pour-Esmaeil et al 2020).…”