Biocompatible MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Immobilized with Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide as an Electrochemical Transducer for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme and acts as a redox cofactor in metabolic process. Owing to such problems as poor electron transfer properties, unfavorable adsorption, and lack of stability on rigid electrodes, the bio-electrochemical applications of FAD have been limited. Herein, a novel fabrication method was developed for the immobilization process using 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx), which enhanced the redox property of FAD and improved the electro-catalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in neutral medium. The FAD-immobilized Ti3C2Tx electrode (FAD/Ti3C2Tx) was studied by UV-Visible and Raman spectroscopies, which confirmed the successful adsorption of FAD on the Ti3C2Tx surface. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of Ti3C2Tx were investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and the energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The redox property of the FAD/Ti3C2Tx modified glassy carbon electrode (FAD/Ti3C2Tx/GCE) was highly dependent on pH and exhibited a stable redox peak at −0.455 V in neutral medium. Higher amounts of FAD molecules were loaded onto the 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx)-modified electrode, which was two times higher than the values in the reported work, and the surface coverage (ᴦFAD) was 0.8 × 10−10 mol/cm2. The FAD/Ti3C2Tx modified sensor showed the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 at −0.47 V, which was 130 mV lower than the bare electrode. The FAD/Ti3C2Tx/GCE sensor showed a linear detection of H2O2 from 5 nM to 2 µM. The optimization of FAD deposition, amount of Ti3C2Tx loading, effect of pH and the interference study with common biochemicals such as glucose, lactose, dopamine (DA), potassium chloride (KCl), ascorbic acid (AA), amino acids, uric acid (UA), oxalic acid (OA), sodium chloride (NaCl) and acetaminophen (PA) have been carried out. The FAD/Ti3C2Tx/GCE showed high selectivity and reproducibility. Finally, the FAD/Ti3C2Tx modified electrode was successfully applied to detect H2O2 in ovarian cancer cell lines.

Electrochemical Detection of H2O2Using an Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode

“…10A). 30,60 The CVs were recorded using AGCE in the presence of 1 mM of H 2 O 2 in 0.1 M PBS. Followed by, the same electrode was subjected to record CVs with the equal concentration (1 mM) of each interfering substance.…”

“…25,26 Over the past decades, diverse types of carbon-based electrodes have been developed with various scopes and sensitivity for electroanalytical detection of important analytes. [27][28][29][30][31] The electron transfer rate can be enhanced by the pretreatment of carbon-based electrodes to observe an outstanding effect in the electrochemical activity. 32 Activation of the working electrodes has been carried out by various routes: (i) sweeping to a high positive potential, (ii) holding the electrode at a constant potential for a short period of time, [33][34][35] (iii) applying heat treatment, 36 (iv) ultrasonic polishing, 37 (v) oxygen plasma treatment, 38 (vi) mechanical activation, 39,40 etc.…”

MXene‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Healthier Substitute Materials for the Future

“…The composite maintained a selectivity of %98% and demonstrated high sensitivity of 0.125 μA nM cm À2 compared with nonenzymatic sensors. [87] To monitor H 2 O 2 in biological samples, Ti 3 C 2 T x /chitosan/Prussian blue-based sensor was developed, which shows good selectivity with a lower limit of detection of 4 nM with a broad linear range between 50 nM and 667 μM and showed 100.3% recovery rate. [88] Au/Ti 3 C 2 NC has been synthesized for the sensitive detection of glucose.…”

Electrochemical Detection of H2O2 on Graphene Nanoribbons/Cobalt Oxide Nanorods‐Modified Electrode

“…where n is the number of electrons (n = 2), F is the faraday constant, R is the gas constant, A is the area of the electrode (0.0707 cm 2 ), and T is the temperature [6]. From the slope of the graph between H 2 O 2 oxidation current and square roots of scan rate (Figure 4), the surface coverage (ᴦ GNR/Co3O4 ) of the electrode was calculated as 0:32 × 10 −10 mol/cm 2 .…”

“…Though it has cytotoxic effects, it plays a vital role in controlling the physiological process of immune cell activation and vascular remodelling [5]. H 2 O 2 involves in enzymatic reactions and acts as an intermediate for the level of glucose, lactose, and cholesterol [6]. Generally, H 2 O 2 can enter into our body through consumption of instant coffee, green tea, or black tea that can raise the H 2 O 2 concentration level above 100 μM which may enter into the gastrointestinal tract [7].…”