Biocomponents via Zeoforming and Hydroconversion of Vegetable Oil: ¹H NMR Analysis of Glycerides Conversion

Abstract

This work describes research conducted on the zeoforming process of rapeseed oil and using zeoformat as a feedstock for hydroconversion process leading to hydrocarbon fuel biocomponents. The raw rapeseed oil and the products, including the zeoformat of the raw rapeseed oil and the hydroraffinate of the raw rapeseed oil zeoformat, were examined using 1 H NMR techniques to confirm the occurrence of the oligomerization of fatty acids. Based on the tests performed, it was determined that, during the zeoforming of the vegetable oil, partial decomposition processes occurred in the triglycerides. Monoglycerides, diglycerides, and carboxylic acids were formed, followed by the occurrence of oligomerization processes that led to the creation of both branched aliphatic structures and aromatic structures, which were most likely benzene rings substituted with diverse functional groups.

Diesel Fuel Containing Zeo-HVO Biocomponent Obtained from the ZEOFINING Process

“…The details of obtaining the biocomponent were consistent with the description given in the previous reports − and can be summarized as follows:…”

“…It should be noted that the standard EN 590 defines the polycyclic aromatics as the sum of di- and polyaromatics . The biocomponents FAME and HVO did not contain aromatic compounds. − , In contrast, the biocomponent zeo-HVO contained 15.1 vol % aromatic compounds …”

“…The fundamentals of the ZEOFINING process are described in papers − and patents. − The essence of this process is the initial (prior to substantial hydroconversion) treatment of the raw material (vegetable oil) using a zeolite catalyst to modify fatty acid chains by isomerization.…”

“…The formation of the ring structures (aromatics and paraffin naphthenes) during the zeoforming of vegetable oils was associated with the oligomerization reactions of fatty acids, as reported in a previous paper. 17 On the basis of 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, it was found that reactions occurring during the process include polyaddition reactions, leading to the formation of aromatic structures (ring) that may undergo hydrogenation to paraffin naphthenes during hydroconversion, and the Diels−Alder reaction, leading to the synthesis of aliphatic oligomers. A comparative study of fresh or waste rapeseed oil zeoforming on a porous H-ZSM-5 followed by the hydroconversion of obtained zeoformates in coprocessing embodiment was described in ref 23.…”

Trace Elements in Vegetable Oils after Hydroconversion into Advanced-Generation Biocomponents

“…A two-stage hydroconversion process, including the initial zeoforming (isomerization) of vegetable oils, has been described in previous papers. − …”