The
paper presents a methodology for the integrated treatment of
biorefinery effluents using a systems engineering approach. The methodology
uses generic bipartite graphs to integrate biorefinery units and to
compose superstructures. The graph representation accounts for biorefinery
processes, waste treatment technologies, raw materials, intermediates,
and products. Graphs are applied in conjunction with allocation maps
that link treatment technologies with biorefinery liquid, solid, and
gas streams. The superstructures integrate process technologies, include
options for central and distributed treatment, and are applied both
in grassroots and retrofit applications. The mathematical optimization
requires the solution of mixed-integer nonlinear programming models,
and the methodology is illustrated by using a real-life lignocellulosic
biorefinery featuring 49 streams and 22 treatment technologies (6
for liquids, 4 for solids, 7 for gas pollutants, 2 for water reuse,
and 2 for catalyst regeneration). When first generation plants are
retrofitted into second generation biorefineries, systems integration
proves capable to identify cost-effective alternatives that restrict
cost. Results generally demonstrate that integration is exceptionally
important, often leading to significant savings and cost reductions,
even able to turn treatment costs into profits.