Biodegradable alanine and phenylalanine alkyl ester polyphosphazenes as potential ligament and tendon tissue scaffolds

Nichol, Jessica L.; Morozowich, Nicole L.; Allcock, Harry R.

doi:10.1039/c2py20631e

Cited by 45 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Studies on the influence of alkyl ester chain length on mechanical properties and degradation rates have been reported[9, 23, 27, 35, 38, 39, 46, 79, 83, 87, 94, 102, 103]. Nichol et al [104]investigated the influence of changing alkyl ester chain lengths between five and eight carbons on mechanical properties and degradation rates of L-alanine and L-phenylalanine alkyl ester polyphosphazene materials for their application in tendon and ligament tissue engineering. They determined that the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the materials decreased with increasing alkyl ester chain length due to increased flexibility of the alkyl side chain and improved elastomeric properties of the polymer.…”

Section: Applications Of Biodegradable Polyphosphazene and Its Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Ogueri

Ivirico

Nair

et al. 2017

Regen. Eng. Transl. Med.

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The occurrence of musculoskeletal tissue injury or disease and the subsequent functional impairment is at an alarming rate. It continues to be one of the most challenging problems in the human health care. Regenerative engineering offers a promising transdisciplinary strategy for tissues regeneration based on the convergence of tissue engineering, advanced materials science, stem cell science, developmental biology and clinical translation. Biomaterials are emerging as extracellular-mimicking matrices designed to provide instructive cues to control cell behavior and ultimately, be applied as therapies to regenerate damaged tissues. Biodegradable polymers constitute an attractive class of biomaterials for the development of scaffolds due to their flexibility in chemistry and the ability to be excreted or resorbed by the body. Herein, the focus will be on biodegradable polyphosphazene-based blend systems. The synthetic flexibility of polyphosphazene, combined with the unique inorganic backbone, has provided a springboard for more research and subsequent development of numerous novel materials that are capable of forming miscible blends with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA). Laurencin and co-workers has demonstrated the exploitation of the synthetic flexibility of Polyphosphazene that will allow the design of novel polymers, which can form miscible blends with PLAGA for biomedical applications. These novel blends, due to their well-tuned biodegradability, and mechanical and biological properties coupled with the buffering capacity of the degradation products, constitute ideal materials for regeneration of various musculoskeletal tissues. Lay Summary Regenerative engineering aims to regenerate complex tissues to address the clinical challenge of organ damage. Tissue engineering has largely focused on the restoration and repair of individual tissues and organs, but over the past 25 years, scientific, engineering, and medical advances have led to the introduction of this new approach which involves the regeneration of complex tissues and biological systems such as a knee or a whole limb. While a number of excellent advanced biomaterials have been developed, the choice of biomaterials, however, has increased over the past years to include polymers that can be designed with a range of mechanical properties, degradation rates, and chemical functionality. The polyphosphazenes are one good example. Their chemical versatility and hydrogen bonding capability encourages blending with other biologically relevant polymers. The further development of Polyphosphazene-based blends will present a wide spectrum of advanced biomaterials that can be used as scaffolds for regenerative engineering and as well as other biomedical applications.

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Section: Applications Of Biodegradable Polyphosphazene and Its Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Ogueri

Ivirico

Nair

et al. 2017

Regen. Eng. Transl. Med.

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“…A similar study was done by the same author in which two amino acids, alanine and phenylalanine, were converted into different alkyl esters and linked to the main chain through nitrogen linkage on both sides following the TROP method, see Table 1 (5-12). 51 Due to the presence of the bulky group, the increased steric hindrance and decreased mobility of the main chain resulted in higher T g values for polymers with the phenylalanine alkyl ester as compared to their alanine ester counterparts. Fig.…”

Section: Nitrogen-linked Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of polyphosphazenes with different side groups and various tactics for drug delivery

et al. 2017

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“…polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid [PLLA], and polycaprolactone [PCL]), polyanhydrides, polyphosphazenes (e.g. alanine and phenylalanine alkyl ester), polyurethanes (PUs) and poly(glycerol sebacate), and natural polymers such as collagen are some of the most commonly used polymers as scaffolds for TE (Freed and Vunjak-Novakovic 1998, Agrawal and Ray 2001, Hutmacher 2001, Sachlos and Czernuszka 2003, Nichol et al 2013, Guo and Ma 2014, Suhaimi et al 2015b). Melt moulding, solution casting, phase separation, solventcasting particulate-leaching, emulsion freeze drying, fibre meshes/fibre bonding, freeze drying, and gas foaming are some conventional scaffold fabrication techniques cited in the literature (Sachlos and Czernuszka 2003).…”

Section: Membrane Type Schematic Of Cross-section Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose diffusion in tissue engineering membranes and scaffolds

Suhaimi

Das

2016

Reviews in Chemical Engineering

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Tissue engineering has evolved into an exciting area of research due to its potential in regenerative medicine. The shortage of organ donors as well as incompatibility between patient and donor pose an alarming concern. This has resulted in an interest in regenerative therapy where the importance of understanding the transport properties of critical nutrients such as glucose in numerous tissue engineering membranes and scaffolds is crucial. This is due to its dependency on successful tissue growth as a measure of potential cure for health issues that cannot be healed using traditional medical treatments. In this regard, the diffusion of glucose in membranes and scaffolds that act as templates to support cell growth must be well grasped. Keeping this in mind, this review paper aims to discuss the glucose diffusivity of these materials. The paper reviews four interconnected issues, namely, (i) the glucose diffusion in tissue engineering materials, (ii) porosity and tortuosity of these materials, (iii) the relationship between microstructure of the material and diffusion, and (iv) estimation of glucose diffusivities in liquids, which determine the effective diffusivities in the porous membranes or scaffolds. It is anticipated that the review paper would help improve the understanding of the transport properties of glucose in membranes and scaffolds used in tissue engineering applications.

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Biodegradable alanine and phenylalanine alkyl ester polyphosphazenes as potential ligament and tendon tissue scaffolds

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Biodegradable Polyphosphazene-Based Blends for Regenerative Engineering

Synthesis of polyphosphazenes with different side groups and various tactics for drug delivery

Glucose diffusion in tissue engineering membranes and scaffolds

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