Biodegradable and Biocompatible Adhesives for the Effective Stabilisation, Repair and Regeneration of Bone

Abstract

Bone defects and complex fractures present significant challenges for orthopaedic surgeons. Current surgical procedures involve the reconstruction and mechanical stabilisation of complex fractures using metal hardware (i.e., wires, plates and screws). However, these procedures often result in poor healing. An injectable, biocompatible, biodegradable bone adhesive that could glue bone fragments back together would present a highly attractive solution. A bone adhesive that meets the many clinical requirements for such an application has yet to be developed. While synthetic and biological polymer-based adhesives (e.g., cyanoacrylates, PMMA, fibrin, etc.) have been used effectively as bone void fillers, these materials lack biomechanical integrity and demonstrate poor injectability, which limits the clinical effectiveness and potential for minimally invasive delivery. This systematic review summarises conventional approaches and recent developments in the area of bone adhesives for orthopaedic applications. The required properties for successful bone repair adhesives, which include suitable injectability, setting characteristics, mechanical properties, biocompatibility and an ability to promote new bone formation, are highlighted. Finally, the potential to achieve repair of challenging bone voids and fractures as well as the potential of new bioinspired adhesives and the future directions relating to their clinical development are discussed.

Improving stability of human three dimensional skin equivalents using plasma surface treatment

“…In our study, plasma surface treatment was used as a modified method for establishing stable HSEs by generating polar groups on the tissue surface (Jacobs et al, 2012; Wieland et al, 2020). The formation of covalent bonds between the amino groups of fibrous protein with carboxylic acid groups on an oxygenated surface is achieved by plasma treatment (Tzagiollari et al, 2022). Additionally, functionalities centered on oxygen and nitrogen are generated on the base surfaces, resulting in increased hydrogen bond formation with the polar groups in the hydrogel.…”

Chitosan, Gelatin, and Collagen Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration

“…[5]. Moreover, medical factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, and preexisting conditions influence the risk of fracture and complications arising during the recuperation process [6][7][8]. A recent study on the global burden of morbidity suggested that approximately 178 million people (53% male and 47% female) worldwide suffered from bone fractures in 2019, exemplifying an increase of roughly 34% since 1990 [9].…”

Precipitation‐Based Silk Fibroin Fast Gelling, Highly Adhesive, and Magnetic Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Repair of Irregular Bone Defects

“…However, these too suffer from limitations; metallic materials are non‐degradable and can cause chronic inflammation; [ 10 ] bioceramics have the drawbacks of brittleness, lack of processability, and poor mechanical properties; [ 11 ] polymeric materials, especially synthetic materials, may release toxic moieties during degradation. [ 6,12 ] Most importantly, many pre‐existing materials for bone regeneration lack shape‐adaptive and adhesive properties, which are required to repair irregular bone defects and multiple fragments in complex bone fractures. [ 12 ]…”

“…[ 6,12 ] Most importantly, many pre‐existing materials for bone regeneration lack shape‐adaptive and adhesive properties, which are required to repair irregular bone defects and multiple fragments in complex bone fractures. [ 12 ]…”