Biodegradation and biotransformation of pentachlorophenol by wood-decaying white rot fungus Phlebia acanthocystis TMIC34875

Abstract

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been introduced into the environment mainly as a wood preservative and biocide. The degradation and transformation of PCP in liquid culture by wood-decaying fungus capable of degrading organochlorine pesticides was investigated in this study. The results of tolerance test showed that the tolerance level of Phlebia acanthocystis to PCP in potato dextrose agar medium was higher than that of other Phlebia species. At the end of 10 days of incubation, P. acanthocystis was able to remove 100% and 76% of PCP (25 μM) in low-nitrogen and potato dextrose broth media, respectively. The decrease of PCP in P. acanthocystis culture is accompanied by the formation of pentachloroanisole and p-tetrachlorohydroquinone via methylation and oxidation reactions. Moreover, the p-tetrachlorohydroquinone formed is rapidly converted to methylated products including tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol and tetrachloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene. The activities of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase were found to increase in extracellular fluid from fungal culture treated with high-concentration PCP, with maximum values of 169.6 U/L and 73.4 U/L, respectively. The in vitro degradation of PCP and p-tetrachlorohydroquinone was confirmed using extracellular fluid of P. acanthocystis, suggested that the methylation of both compounds is related to extracellular enzymes. Degradation of PCP was efficiently inhibited by piperonyl butoxide or 1-aminobenzotriazole, demonstrating that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase is involved in fungal transformation of PCP, particularly in the oxidation of PCP to p-tetrachlorohydroquinone. Additionally, P. acanthocystis mineralized 9.3% of the PCP to 14 CO 2 in low-nitrogen culture during 42 days. Results obtained in the present study are in favor of the use of P. acanthocystis as a microbial tool of remediation of PCP-contaminated sites.

Bibliometric analysis of global research on white rot fungi biotechnology for environmental application

“…In recent studies, whole-cell WRF or its extracellular extracts have been successfully applied to remove trace organic contaminants (TrOC) in aqueous phase (Asif et al 2017a). Whole-cell WRF or their extracellular lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) have also been reported to degrade pesticide, graphene-related materials, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products that are persistent to the environment (Asif et al 2017b;Xiao and Kondo 2020b;Carniel et al 2021;Jureczko and Przystas 2021). Meanwhile, the use of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) such as porous-, combi-, or magnetic CLEAs to immobilize LMEs is a promising technology to overcome the stability and non-reusability of free LMEs from WRF in wastewater treatment (Vrsanska et al 2018;Voberkova et al 2018).…”

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“…This proves that PCP degradation can be carried out in two conditions (lignolytic and non-lignolytic) using white-rot fungi. Phlebia acanthocystis, a white-rot fungus, was capable of degrading 100% and 76% of PCPs (25 μM concentration) in low nitrogen as well as potato dextrose broth culture media, respectively, during incubation for approximately 10 days (Xiao, Kondo 2020).…”

“…The metabolism of both molecules is closely linked to Phlebia acanthocystis extracellular enzymes. Further, the breakdown of PCPs to p-tetrachlorohydroquinone is carried out by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (Xiao, Kondo 2020). The white-rot fungi with ability to degrade PCPs are Trametes versicolor (Walter et al 2004), Anthracophyllum discolor (Rubilar et al 2007), Bjerkandera adusta, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma applantum, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Laetiporus cincinnatus (Ramesh, Pattar 2009) and Phlebia acanthocystis (Xiao, Kondo 2020).…”

White rot fungi can be a promising tool for removal of bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and nonylphenol from wastewater

“…It is quite well proven that WRF have a biochemical ability to degrade sulfonamide antibiotics and important categories of toxic, organic xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 1,1,1trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT), synthetic textile dyes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenols (PCP), and trinitrotoluene (TNT). Furthermore, these organisms are capable of heavy metal immobilization via unique extracellular oxidative enzyme systems, extracellular chelation with organic acids, cell wall cation exchange, and intracellular bioaccumulation (Ellouze and Sayadi 2016;Kachlishvili et al 2016;Stella et al 2017;Guo et al 2018;Vršanská et al 2018;Lee et al 2020;Xiao and Kondo 2020). In addition to these xenobiotics, more and more publications demonstrate the significant potential of WRF to break down EDC, especially BPA and NP (Hirano et al 2000;Saito et al 2004;Lee et al 2005;Soares et al 2005;Cabana et al 2007a;Shin et al 2007;Cajthaml et al 2009;Hofmann and Schlosser 2016;Llorca et al 2017;Pezzella et al 2017;Křesinová et al 2018;Zdarta et al 2018).…”