Biodegradation of Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Ether by Xanthobacter sp. Strain ENV481

Abstract

Degradation of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE) was observed to occur in two bacterial strains. Strain ENV481, a Xanthobacter sp. strain, was isolated by enrichment culturing of samples from a Superfund site located in the northeastern United States. The strain was able to grow on BCEE or 2-chloroethylethyl ether as the sole source of carbon and energy. BCEE degradation in strain ENV481 was facilitated by sequential dehalogenation reactions resulting in the formation of 2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethanol and diethylene glycol (DEG), respectively. 2-Hydroxyethoxyacetic acid was detected as a product of DEG catabolism by the strain. Degradation of BCEE by strain ENV481 was independent of oxygen, and the strain was not able to grow on a mixture of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes, other prevalent contaminants at the site. Another bacterial isolate, Pseudonocardia sp. strain ENV478 (S. Vainberg et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5218-5224, 2006), degraded BCEE after growth on tetrahydrofuran or propane but was not able to grow on BCEE as a sole carbon source. BCEE degradation by strain ENV478 appeared to be facilitated by a monooxygenase-mediated Odealkylation mechanism, and it resulted in the accumulation of 2-chloroacetic acid that was not readily degraded by the strain.

Evolution of Bioreactor Technologies for High‐Concentration Contaminant Mixes in Groundwater

“…Aerobic bioreactors are versatile and can treat petroleum hydrocarbons, VOCs, SVOCs, some CVOCs such as 2‐chloroethanol (Strotmann et al ) and 1,2‐dichloroethane (1,2‐DCA) (Yua et al ), and 1,2‐dichloroethene (Mattes et al ), phenolic compounds, alcohols, ammonia and emerging contaminants such as bis(2‐chloroethyl) ether (BCEE)(McClay et al ) and 1,2,3‐trichloropropane (Samin and Janssen ). Suspended growth aerobic bioreactors are very effective at removal of BOD and COD and remove relatively high concentrations of dissolved iron (up to 50 mg/L).…”

PHT3D: A Reactive Multicomponent Transport Model for Saturated Porous Media

“…Aerobic bioreactors are versatile and can treat petroleum hydrocarbons, VOCs, SVOCs, some CVOCs such as 2-chloroethanol (Strotmann et al 1990) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) (Yua et al 2013), and 1,2-dichloroethene (Mattes et al 2010), phenolic compounds, alcohols, ammonia and emerging contaminants such as bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (BCEE) (McClay et al 2007) and 1,2,3-trichloropropane (Samin and Janssen 2012). Suspended growth aerobic bioreactors are very effective at removal of BOD and COD and remove relatively high concentrations of dissolved iron (up to 50 mg/L).…”

Development and validation of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the estimation of a potential genotoxic impurity 2‐(2‐chloroethoxy)ethanol in hydroxyzine

“…It is also chemically known as diethylene glycol monochlorohydrin with the molecular formula C 4 H 9 ClO 2 and a molecular weight of 124.57 g/mol. CEE has a perceptible odor and is mostly formed as a major degradation product from the API bis (2‐chloroethyl)ether (Scheme 3(d), McClay et al, 2007).…”