Biodegradation of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine

McCormick, N G; Cornell, J H; Kaplan, Arthur M.

doi:10.1128/aem.42.5.817-823.1981

Cited by 278 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

146

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In this paper, all isolates gave N 2 O with yields close to 30% of the total nitrogen in RDX (Table 2), suggesting the involvement of only oneN^N O 2 group (representing one third of the total nitrogen content of RDX) in its formation. As reported previously, RDX can be transformed anaerobically via sequential re-duction to MNX, DNX and TNX or via initial denitration followed by ring cleavage to produce HCHO, CH 3 OH and N 2 O [5,18]. In all tested isolates, formation of MNX was found, but TNX and DNX were only detected in low amounts, indicating that denitration of MNX was a dominant route to RDX ring cleavage and secondary decomposition.…”

Section: Rdx Metabolic Products By Bacterial Isolatessupporting

confidence: 70%

Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-transforming bacteria in strictly anaerobic mixed cultures enriched on RDX as nitrogen source

Zhao

Spain

Hawari

2003

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Five obligate anaerobes that were most closely related to Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium celerecrescens, Clostridium saccharolyticum, Clostridium butyricum and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans by their 16S rRNA genes sequences were isolated from enrichment cultures using hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source. The above isolates transformed RDX at rates of 24.0, 5.4, 6.2, 2.5, 5.5 mumol h(-1) g (dry weight) of cells(-1), respectively, to nitrite, formaldehyde, methanol, and nitrous oxide. The present results indicate that clostridia are major strains responsible for RDX removal, and all isolates seemed to mainly transform RDX via its initial reduction to MNX and subsequent denitration. Since clostridia are commonly present in soil, we suggest that they may contribute to the removal of RDX in the subsurface (anoxic) soil.

show abstract

Section: Rdx Metabolic Products By Bacterial Isolatessupporting

confidence: 70%

Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-transforming bacteria in strictly anaerobic mixed cultures enriched on RDX as nitrogen source

Zhao

Spain

Hawari

2003

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the pathway for RDX reduction with elemental iron is not resolved, a pathway for biological RDX reduction has been proposed. Under anaerobic conditions, RDX was shown by McCormick and coworkers [32] to transform in a stepwise fashion to hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine, hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine, and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine. Further degradation involved cleavage of the triazine ring and formation of hydrazine, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, formaldehyde, and methanol.…”

Section: Reduction Of Rdx With Scrap Iron and High-purity Iron Powdermentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of adsorption to elemental iron on the transformation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene and hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in solution

Daniel

Kim

et al. 2002

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-The effect of adsorption to elemental iron on the reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (royal demolition explosive [RDX]) in aqueous solution was studied with scrap iron and high-purity iron. In batch experiments with the same total iron surface area and a mixing rate of 100 rpm, TNT and RDX were removed from the solution within 30 min. With high-purity iron, adsorbed TNT was reduced to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene (TAT) rapidly, with little accumulation of intermediates at the surface. With scrap iron, the extent of adsorption of TNT and its daughter products was more significant and reduction of these adsorbed molecules to TAT was slower. Distribution of the intermediates indicated that the reaction with scrap iron occurred primarily through reduction of the ortho nitro group. Kinetic analysis suggests that mass transfer or adsorption of TNT controlled the overall rate of TNT reduction to TAT with pure iron, whereas with scrap iron, the rate of TAT formation was probably limited by other processes. Compared to TNT, transformation of adsorbed RDX was more rapid and less affected by iron type. The RDX was reduced to an unidentified, water-soluble intermediate and , which accounted for ap-ϩ NH 4 proximately 50% of the RDX nitrogen. No total organic carbon reduction was observed before and after RDX transformation with scrap iron.

show abstract

“…Two processes are believed to affect the fate of RDX in soil, i.e., anaerobic microbial transformation and photolysis [1,22]. Reductive metabolism of RDX may result in the formation of toxic nitroso and hydroxylamino derivatives [23,24] or of ring cleavage products such as methylenedinitramine and bis(hydroxymethyl)nitramine [25], with major end products being nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde. However, under aerobic conditions, microbial transformation was rarely observed [26,27] and had little if any effect on the presence of RDX in soil [22,28].…”

Section: Recovery Of Spiked Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicological Effects of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine on Soil Microbial Activities

Gong¹,

Hawari²,

Thiboutot³

et al. 2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (also called RDX or hexogen) is a potentially toxic explosive compound that persists in soil, its ecotoxicological effects on soil organisms have rarely been assessed. In this study, two uncontaminated garden soils were spiked with 10 to 12,500 mg RDX/kg dry soil. Soil microbial activities, i.e., potential nitrification, nitrogen fixation, dehydrogenase, basal respiration, and substrate-induced respiration were chosen as bioindicators and were determined after 1-, 4-, and 12-weeks of exposure. Experimental results indicate that RDX showed significant inhibition (up to 36% of control) on indigenous soil microbial communities over the period of this study. All five bioindicators responded similarly to the RDX challenge. The length of exposure also affected the microbial toxicity of RDX, with 12-week exposure exerting more significant effects than the shorter exposure periods, suggesting that soil microorganisms might become more vulnerable to RDX when exposure is extended. The estimated lowest observable adverse effect concentration of RDX was 1,235 mg/kg. No biodegradation products of RDX were detected at all three sampling times. Compared with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), RDX is less toxic to microbes, probably because of its resistance to biodegradation under aerobic conditions, which precludes metabolic activation of nitro groups.

show abstract

Biodegradation of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine

Cited by 278 publications

References 14 publications

Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-transforming bacteria in strictly anaerobic mixed cultures enriched on RDX as nitrogen source

Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-transforming bacteria in strictly anaerobic mixed cultures enriched on RDX as nitrogen source

Effect of adsorption to elemental iron on the transformation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene and hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine in solution

Ecotoxicological Effects of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine on Soil Microbial Activities

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About