Biodegradation of Prions in Compost

Xu, Shaofa; Reuter, Tim; Gilroyed, Brandon H.; Mitchell, Gordon; Price, Luke M.; Dudas, Sandor; Braithwaite, Shannon L.; Graham, Catherine; Czub, Stefanie; Leonard, J.J.; Balachandran, Aru; Neumann, Norman F.; Belosevic, Miodrag; McAllister, Tim A.

doi:10.1021/es500916v

Cited by 26 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The SSC opinion (2001) considered that mechanical contamination of plant leaves by prions was theoretically possible following the spreading of organic fertilisers, manure, blood, incinerator ash, sewage sludge or rendering condensate. Recent work (Xu et al, 2014) suggests that the composting of waste materials results in a reduction in detectable PrP Sc (BSE) of one log within 28 days, but Pritzkow et al (2015) have demonstrated that topically applied infectious material resulted in retention of PrP Sc for several weeks in the living plant. They have also demonstrated that plants can take up prions from contaminated soil and transport them to aerial parts of the plant (stem and leaves), thereby efficiently binding prions and acting as potential carriers of infectivity.…”

Section: Environmental Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born after the total feed ban

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Sixty bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases of Classical or unknown type (BARB-60 cases) were born after the date of entry into force of the EU total feed ban on 1 January 2001. The European Commission has requested EFSA to provide a scientific opinion on the most likely origin(s) of these BARB-60 cases; whether feeding with material contaminated with the BSE agent can be excluded as the origin of any of these cases and, if so, whether there is enough scientific evidence to conclude that such cases had a spontaneous origin. The source of infection cannot be ascertained at the individual level for any BSE case, including these BARB-60 cases, so uncertainty remains high about the origin of disease in each of these animals, but when compared with other biologically plausible sources of infection (maternal, environmental, genetic, iatrogenic), feed-borne exposure is the most likely. This exposure was apparently excluded for only one of these BARB-60 cases. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the data collected through the field investigation of these cases, due to a time span of several years between the potential exposure of the animal and the confirmation of disease, recall difficulty, and the general paucity of documented objective evidence available in the farms at the time of the investigation. Thus, feeding with material contaminated with the BSE agent cannot be excluded as the origin of any of the BARB-60 cases, nor is it possible to definitively attribute feed as the cause of any of the BARB-60 cases. A case of disease is classified as spontaneous by a process of elimination, excluding all other definable possibilities; with regard to the BARB-60 cases, it is not possible to conclude that any of them had a spontaneous origin.

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Section: Environmental Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born after the total feed ban

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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show abstract

“…A number of studies have demonstrated biodegradation of prion protein using compost (Huang et al 2007;Xu et al 2013). In a field trial, Xu et al (2014) also observed that composting reduced PrP TSE , resulting in one 50% infectious dose (ID50) remaining in every 5,600 kg of final compost for land application.…”

Section: Coll Et Al (2007) Measured the Effectiveness Of Versazyme® mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial keratinases: characteristics, biotechnological applications and potential.

Purchase

2016

The Handbook of Microbial Bioresources

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Keratinases are a group of proteolytic enzymes that can catalyse the cleavage and hydrolysis of the highly stable and fibrous proteins: keratins. A diverse range of microorganisms, including fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria, have been reported to produce keratinases that have biotechnological applications and potential. These keratinases have been usefully applied in agricultural, pharmaceutical, leather and textile processes as well as within environmentally friendly waste management solutions. Potential uses of keratinases include the fields of biomedicine, cosmetics, biological control and the generation of green energy. Herein we aim to provide an overview of the properties of this group of versatile enzymes, including the mechanisms of keratin degradation. The diversity of microbial sources of keratinases is discussed and the optimisation of keratianse production examined.We conclude with an assessment of the established biotechnological applications of keratinases in different industries and current research that highlights other promising potential uses.

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“…have also been demonstrated by researchers. [2,[21][22][23] Still, there is a massive demand for a low cost material based efficient technique which can rapidly oxidize relatively lower concentration of the aqueous As(III) and removes arsenic from the water subsequently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing of Functionalized MWCNTs/Anodized Stainless Steel Heterostructure Electrode for Anodic Oxidation of Low Concentration As(III) in Drinking Water

Sarkar

Paul

et al. 2019

ChemistrySelect

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Considering the severe threat of arsenic contamination in drinking water on the life of millions of people around the world‐different technologies and materials have been employed throughout the ages to provide arsenic‐free drinking water. This work, demonstrates a facile fabrication of a low‐cost, bio‐friendly p‐type functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f‐MWCNTs)/n‐type anodized stainless steel (SS) hybrid material, which is used as an effective electrode for the easy and fast oxidation of arsenic(III) to arsenic(V), by applying relatively low positive voltage, to subsequently increase the proficiency of the process. This new material based technology used in this work is found very effective in oxidizing comparatively lower concentrations of arsenic (III) (<100 ppb) present in drinking water at 30 °C at a pH suitable for drinking water (6.5‐8.5). Fabrication of such interfacial band engineered nano‐hybrid electrode is beneficial to enhance the anodic current, which in turn, increases the As(III) oxidation. Based on the design of the electrode, the hole mediated anodic current is found to boost the oxidization of As(III). This technology could reduce the use of ultraviolet radiation and other use of costly oxidants for the oxidation of As(III) and thus can appear as a cost‐effective, energy‐efficient technique for the oxidizing of As(III) from drinking water.

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Biodegradation of Prions in Compost

Cited by 26 publications

References 57 publications

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born after the total feed ban

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases born after the total feed ban

Microbial keratinases: characteristics, biotechnological applications and potential.

Designing of Functionalized MWCNTs/Anodized Stainless Steel Heterostructure Electrode for Anodic Oxidation of Low Concentration As(III) in Drinking Water

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