Biodegradation of the High Explosive Hexanitrohexaazaiso-wurtzitane (CL-20)

Karakaya, Pelin; Christodoulatos, Christos; Koutsospyros, Agamemnon; Balas, Wendy; Nicolich, Steven; Sidhoum, Mohammed

doi:10.3390/ijerph6041371

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Among them, CL-20 (1) is the most wellknown representative and extensive studies have confirmed its xenobiotic nature (Figure 1). Toxicology studies investigating the effects of high doses of CL-20 on animal organisms have revealed that its negative impact, mediated through various biotransformation pathways, is mostly reversible [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Interestingly, current genetic research methods demonstrate the reversibility of the neurotoxic effects of compound 1 on Eisenia fetida [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activity of Hexaazaisowurtzitane Derivatives

Kulagina,

Sysolyatin,

Krylova

et al. 2023

Molecules

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biologically active compounds of natural or synthetic origin have a complex structure and generally contain various structural groups among which polycyclic cage amines are found. Hexaazaisowurtzitanes are representatives of these amines and studies on their biological activity began less than two decades ago, starting with research on the environmental impact of CL-20. This research helped to evaluate the risks of potential pollution in the habitat environments of living organisms and determine whether the chemical compounds in question could be utilized in pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or medicinal drugs. The nomenclature of hexaazaisowurtzitane compounds has recently been expanded significantly, and some of them have demonstrated promise in the design of medicinal drugs. This paper review studies the pharmacological activity of the acyl derivatives of hexaazaisowurtzitane. Most of the compounds have been found to possess a high analgesic activity, providing a solution to the pressing issue of pain management in current pharmacology. Analgesic drugs currently used in the clinical practice do not meet all of the efficacy and safety requirements (gastro-, nephro-, hepato-, haematotoxicity, etc.). The material presented in the seven sections of this paper highlights information about hexaazaisowurtzitane derivatives. Furthermore, they have been observed to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antihypoxic, and antimetastatic activities, which render them highly promising for evaluation in various fields of medicinal practice.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activity of Hexaazaisowurtzitane Derivatives

Kulagina,

Sysolyatin,

Krylova

et al. 2023

Molecules

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ligninolytic (white-rot) fungi are excellent model degraders, well-known for their efficiency in the decomposition of a broad range of xenobiotics, even those resistant to bacterial breakdown or generally hardly biodegradable, e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls [18,19], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [20,21], chlorobenzoic acids [22], explosives [23], and also the most toxic organic pollutant known so far-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin [24]. The degradation ability of ligninolytic fungi to decompose xenobiotics has also been documented for dyes, several endocrine disruptors, pharmaceuticals (including antibiotics), plasticizers, UV filters, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradability of Dental Care Antimicrobial Agents Chlorhexidine and Octenidine by Ligninolytic Fungi

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chlorhexidine (CHX) and octenidine (OCT), antimicrobial compounds used in oral care products (toothpastes and mouthwashes), were recently revealed to interfere with human sex hormone receptor pathways. Experiments employing model organisms—white-rot fungi Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus—were carried out in order to investigate the biodegradability of these endocrine-disrupting compounds and the capability of the fungi and their extracellular enzyme apparatuses to biodegrade CHX and OCT. Up to 70% ± 6% of CHX was eliminated in comparison with a heat-killed control after 21 days of in vivo incubation. An additional in vitro experiment confirmed manganese-dependent peroxidase and laccase are partially responsible for the removal of CHX. Up to 48% ± 7% of OCT was removed in the same in vivo experiment, but the strong sorption of OCT on fungal biomass prevented a clear evaluation of the involvement of the fungi or extracellular enzymes. On the other hand, metabolites indicating the enzymatic transformation of both CHX and OCT were detected and their chemical structures were proposed by means of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Complete biodegradation by the ligninolytic fungi was not achieved for any of the studied analytes, which emphasizes their recalcitrant character with low possibility to be removed from the environment.

show abstract

“…However, the shortcomings of abiotic remediation technologies usually involve high costs and low efficiencies, which further limit their application in the real-world. Therefore, increasing attention has been eventually transferred to biological strategies, especially the microbial degradation of CL-20 (Bhushan et al 2005a ; Crocker et al 2006 ; Karakaya et al 2009 ; Trott et al 2003 ). For example, both Pseudomonas sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and identification of a novel bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. ZyL-01, involved in the biodegradation of CL-20

Dang

Li³

et al. 2020

AMB Expr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a compound with a polycyclic cage and an N-nitro group that has been shown to play an unfavorable role in environmental fate, biosafety, and physical health. The aim of this study was to isolate the microbial community and to identify a single microbial strain that can degrade CL-20 with desirable efficiency. Metagenomic sequencing methods were performed to investigate the dynamic changes in the composition of the community diversity. The most varied genus among the microbial community was Pseudomonas, which increased from 1.46% to 44.63% during the period of incubation (MC0–MC4). Furthermore, the new strain was isolated and identified from the activated sludge by bacterial morphological and 16s rRNA sequencing analyses. The CL-20 concentrations decreased by 75.21 μg/mL and 74.02 μg/mL in 48 h by MC4 and Pseudomonas sp. ZyL-01, respectively. Moreover, ZyL-01 could decompose 98% CL-20 of the real effluent in 14 day’s incubation with the glucose as carbon source. Finally, a draft genome sequence was obtained to predict possible degrading enzymes involved in the biodegradation of CL-20. Specifically, 330 genes that are involved in energy production and conversion were annotated by Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis, and some of these candidates may encode enzymes that are responsible for CL-20 degradation. In summary, our studies indicate that microbes might be a valuable biological resource for the treatment of environmental contamination caused by CL-20 and that Pseudomonas sp. ZyL-01 might be a promising candidate for eradicating CL-20 to achieve a more biosafe environment and improve public health.

show abstract

Biodegradation of the High Explosive Hexanitrohexaazaiso-wurtzitane (CL-20)

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

Biological Activity of Hexaazaisowurtzitane Derivatives

Biological Activity of Hexaazaisowurtzitane Derivatives

Biodegradability of Dental Care Antimicrobial Agents Chlorhexidine and Octenidine by Ligninolytic Fungi

Isolation and identification of a novel bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. ZyL-01, involved in the biodegradation of CL-20

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About