Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Azad, A.K.

doi:10.3390/en10111689

Cited by 43 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(134 reference statements)

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“…Usually, the citrus seeds, which are oil‐bearing seeds, are discarded. The possible route for exploiting these high oil content sources is its transformation to BD fuel 43,45 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and characterization of liquid biofuels from locally available nonedible feedstocks

Fadhil

2020

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) seeds were exploited as possible nonedible feedstock for the synthesis of liquid biofuels, namely, biodiesel and bio‐oil via alkali–alcoholysis and pyrolysis routes, respectively. The alkali–alcoholysis reaction of mandarin seed oil with an equivalent mixture of methanol–ethanol alcohols was examined and optimized by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The best experimental yield of biodiesel (95.55 ± 1.55 wt.%) was comparable with the predicted yield (95.0 wt.%). Also, analysis by one‐way ANOVA showed that the selected variables were statistically significant. The 1H NMR spectroscopy asserted the transformation of the oil to biodiesel. Also, the evaluated properties of the biodiesel were in the range given by ASTM D6751 standards. The mandarin citrus seeds have also subjected to the thermal pyrolysis process in a fixed‐bed reactor to obtain bio‐oil and bio‐char. The influence of the pyrolysis temperature, time, feed particle size, and heating rate on the bio‐oil yield was optimized. The highest yield of bio‐oil (52.34 ± 1.25 wt.%) was attained at 475°C for 60 min using 70 mesh particle size of the feed with a heating rate of 20°C/min. The bio‐oil was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR spectroscopy, and ultimate analysis. The bio‐oil derived from MCS has an empirical formula of CH1.88 O0.16 N0.012 S0.0005 with 37.96 MJ/kg of heating value. The elevated carbon level, low oxygen content, and high calorific value (25.45 MJ/kg) of the attained bio‐char suggest its suitability as a solid fuel. Also, the obtained bio‐char can be utilized for preparing carbon adsorbent as a result of its good surface area.

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“…Usually, the citrus seeds, which are oil‐bearing seeds, are discarded. The possible route for exploiting these high oil content sources is its transformation to BD fuel 43,45 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and characterization of liquid biofuels from locally available nonedible feedstocks

Fadhil

2020

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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“…Edible vegetable oils such as canola and soybean oil in the USA, palm oil in Malaysia or rapeseed oil in Europe have been used for biodiesel production and found to be good substitutes for diesel. Non-edible vegetable oils, such as Pongamia pinnata (karanja or honge), Jatropha curcas (jatropha or ratanjyote), Citrus reticulata (mandarin) and Madhuca iondica (mahua) have also been found to be suitable for biodiesel production [4][5][6]. Concerning the different types of vegetable oils and their composition, fatty acids with high unsaturation levels usually imply lower fluidity at low temperatures, leading to solidification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel by Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil Using Ultrasound: A Kinetic Study of Base-Catalysed Reactions

et al. 2018

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The objective of this work was to study the acceleration that ultrasound causes in the rate of biodiesel transesterification reactions. The effect of different operating variables, such as ultrasound power, catalyst (KOH) concentration and methanol:oil molar ratio, was studied. The evolution of the process was followed by gas chromatography, determining the concentration of methyl esters at different reaction times. The biodiesel was characterized by its density, viscosity, saponification and iodine values, acidity index, water content, flash and combustion points, cetane index and cold filter plugging point (CFPP), according to EN 14214 standard. High methyl ester yield and fast reaction rates were obtained in short reaction times. Ultrasound power and catalyst concentration had a positive effect on the yield and the reaction rate. The methanol:oil molar ratio also increased the yield of the reaction, but negatively influenced the process rate. The reaction followed a pseudo-first order kinetic model and the rate constants at several temperatures were determined. The activation energy was also determined using the Arrhenius equation. The main conclusion of this work is that the use of ultrasound irradiation did not require any additional heating, which could represent an energy savings for biodiesel manufacture.

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“…The product yield (%) was calculated using the procedure adopted by Carlini et al [11], Azad [12], Fadhil et al [23] and Choi et al [35]. Thus, Eq.…”

Section: Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall production reaction of methyl esters of fatty acids (FAME) is reversible [10]. One mole of triglycerides (TG) reacts with three moles of methanol (MeOH) to form one mole of glycerol (G) and three moles of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) [11][12][13]. Acid, base or enzymatic catalysts can be used in the process.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multivariate study and optimization of biodiesel production using commercial surfactants

Simonelli

Moraes

Augusto

et al. 2019

CI&CEQ

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Alkaline transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats (apolar substances) with a short-chain alcohol (polar substance) is the best-known chemical route for biodiesel production. However, because they are substances of different polarities, there is a need to promote contact between the phases. Biodiesel was produced from soybean oil, methanol, potassium hydroxide, and surfactants DBB 7104 and DBB 7107. In this paper we verify whether it is better to use surfactant DBB 7104 or DBB 7107, and if there is an optimum experimental condition for the surfactant. The yield in biodiesel was verified for different production conditions on a bench scale. From a fractional experimental plan (2 6-2), with a variation of temperature, time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio, weight of surfactant, type of surfactant and weight of catalyst, it was possible to perform a multivariate analysis of the process. The most influential variables in the response were the temperature and the weight of the catalyst. Surfactant DBB 7107 was considered better than the surfactant DBB 7104. The optimal conditions were 0.7% w/w of the surfactant DBB 7107, 1 g of KOH, 30 min, methanol to oil mole ratio of 6:1 and temperature equal to 33.5 °C.

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Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Cited by 43 publications

References 112 publications

Production and characterization of liquid biofuels from locally available nonedible feedstocks

Production and characterization of liquid biofuels from locally available nonedible feedstocks

Biodiesel by Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil Using Ultrasound: A Kinetic Study of Base-Catalysed Reactions

Multivariate study and optimization of biodiesel production using commercial surfactants

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