Biodiesel produced using potassium methoxide homogeneous alkaline catalyst: effects of various factors on soap formation

Chanakaewsomboon, Issara; Phoungthong, Khamphe; Palamanit, Arkom; Seechamnanturakit, Vatcharee; Cheng, Chin Kui

doi:10.1007/s13399-021-01787-1

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The excess KOH concentration led to poor mixing solution [38] and resulted in elevated soap formation [13,40]. The analysis in Figure 5 demonstrates a notable increase in soap content with higher KOH concentrations in E phase.…”

Section: The Interaction Effect Between the Molar Ratio Of Meoh To Rp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production by Double-Pipe Static Mixer Reactor

Attahiran,

Prasertsit,

Photaworn

2024

J. Ecol. Eng.

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This study investigates continuous biodiesel production from refined palm oil (RPO) using a 250-cm-length double-pipe static mixer (DPSM), mixing elements were employed first with the low-pressure drop static mixer (LPD-SM) and second with the Kenics Static Mixer (K-SM). Four key independent parameters in the transesterification reaction -methanol (MeOH) to RPO molar ratio, KOH concentration, static mixer length, and residence time -were optimized to achieve the desired methyl ester content (%E, wt.%), set at 96.5 wt.%. From response surface methodology (RSM), The optimal conditions of LPD-SM were MeOH to RPO molar ratio at 5:1, KOH concentration at 0.76 wt.% of RPO, 250 cm static mixer length, and 7.7 min residence time. Conversely, K-SM showed optimal conditions with MeOH to RPO molar ratio at 5.5:1, KOH concentration at 0.81 wt.% of RPO, 250 cm static mixer length, and 7.2 min residence time. Statistical analysis revealed KOH concentration as the most influential parameter, followed by residence time, static mixer length, and MeOH to RPO molar ratio, respectively. In summary, LPD-SM outperformed K-SM in reducing the amount of alcohol and catalyst consumption while maintaining %E at the set point, highlighting its potential as an efficient, sustainable approach for biodiesel production from RPO using a DPSM.

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Section: The Interaction Effect Between the Molar Ratio Of Meoh To Rp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production by Double-Pipe Static Mixer Reactor

Attahiran,

Prasertsit,

Photaworn

2024

J. Ecol. Eng.

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“…In addition, in alkali-catalyzed transesterification, the use of oil with a higher FFA content can lead to soap formation and difficulty in the purification of biodiesel. The difficulty in the purification of biodiesel causes an increase in the overall production cost [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters Optimization of Palm Oil Biodiesel Production at Various CaO Concentrations Using Response Surface Methodology

Hadi

Mohamad²,

Mahidin³

2023

ARASET

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The transesterification of biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts has recently caught interest because of its potential to overcome the limitations of homogeneous catalysts. Amongst the heterogeneous catalysts, CaO is well known for its superiority in the transesterification process due to its effectiveness, low cost, and low solubility in methanol. The paper covers the analysis of the transesterification process variables to identify the optimum condition of the process. The effect of process variables, which are catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reaction temperature, and the interaction between variables on the yield of biodiesel from the esterification of palm oil using CaO catalyst was studied. Response Surface Methodology based on a three-variable central composite design was executed to optimize the process variables. It was found that the concentration of the catalysts is the primary variable affecting the reaction, the molar ratio of methanol to oil is the secondary and the temperature is the ternary. While the interaction between the two variables is not significant in the production of the biodiesel yield. The optimum yield of biodiesel of 98.56% was obtained at a catalyst concentration of 9.63 wt%, methanol to oil ratio of 15.30:1, and reaction temperature of 64.40 °C.

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“…However, POME has containing over 80 wt.% of FFA, which is hindered to the synthesis of biodiesel using a transesterification reaction due to exceed the limitation of FFA level. The FFA in oils should be less than 2 wt.% [4,5], because it will react with the catalyst resulting in soap formation by the saponification [6,7,8]. Therefore, a pretreatment process was required for the reduction of the FFA content in POME using the esterification process, until FFA content in oil was decreased to less than 2 wt.% and followed by base-catalyzed transesterification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Fatty Acid Reduction of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst for Esterification

Juera-ong

Somnuk

2022

MSF

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In this study, Amberlyst-15 as heterogeneous catalyst was used for the reduction of free fatty acid (FFA) from the palm oil mill effluent (POME) for biodiesel production with acid-catalyzed esterification process. The objective of this study was to decrease a high FFA in POME to less than 2 wt.% FFA, for used as a raw material to produce biodiesel in the second-step transesterification process. Amberlyst-15 as an eco-friendly catalyst with non-toxic wastes after reactions, when compared to homogeneous catalysts such as sulfuric acid. Therefore, an esterification reaction with a heterogeneous acid catalyst was carried out to examine the FFA conversions. The conditions of two parameters of Amberlyst-15 catalyst (10–40 wt.%), and 1–8 h reaction time were varied, whereas the methanol to oil molar ratio and the speed of the stirrer were fixed at 5:1 and 300 rpm, respectively. As a result, the FFA sharply decreased from 89.16 wt.% to 1.75 wt.% under the conditions of 40 wt.% of Amberlyst-15, 5 h reaction time, 5:1 molar ratio methanol to oil, speed of the 300 rpm stirrer. The Amberlyst-15 had the potential to reduce high FFA in POME using the esterification reaction.

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Biodiesel produced using potassium methoxide homogeneous alkaline catalyst: effects of various factors on soap formation

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production by Double-Pipe Static Mixer Reactor

Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production by Double-Pipe Static Mixer Reactor

Parameters Optimization of Palm Oil Biodiesel Production at Various CaO Concentrations Using Response Surface Methodology

Free Fatty Acid Reduction of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst for Esterification

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