Biodiesel production by esterification of free fatty acid over sulfated zirconia

Patel, Anjali; Brahmkhatri, Varsha; Singh, Namita

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.09.040

Cited by 128 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Sulfated zirconia with various sulfate loadings had been made to evaluate the effect of sulfate loading on oleic acid esterification by methanol [11]. The maximum yield of 18% methyl oleic was able to achieve within 4 h using zirconia treated with sulphuric acid 1.0 N. Increase duration of esterification to 12 h rises the yield obtained by 71%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Rachmat

Trisunaryanti

Sutarno

et al. 2017

Mater Renew Sustain Energy

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Sulfated zirconia mesopore has been successfully prepared from zirconyl oxychloride using structure directing agent cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The preparation involved calcination at four different temperatures denoted as MZS (400, 500, 600, and 700°C) and three different zirconyl-to-CTAB ratios (1:1, 3:1, and 9:1). Characterization of resulting zirconia was carried out using XRD method, TEM, gas sorption analyzer, and FTIR. The acidity of zirconia evaluated by ammonia adsorption. Calcination temperatures conducted at 500, 600, and 700°C lead to crystalline structure and tetragonal phase. MZS-600 prepared at ratio 3:1 showed optimum specific surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume: 147.5 m 2 /g, 6.6 nm, and 0.396 cc/g, respectively. CTAB assisted larger pore size formation in zirconia along with higher surface area. The catalytic activity of sulfated zirconia mesopore was tested on lauric acid esterification. All sulfated zirconia mesopores prepared were able to give 99-100% conversion. The highest yield of methyl lauric 89.8% was achieved by MZS-600 prepared using CTAB to zirconyl ratio 9:1.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Rachmat

Trisunaryanti

Sutarno

et al. 2017

Mater Renew Sustain Energy

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“…1 + with the standard diffractogram ZrO2-1-750 ZrO2. Indrati et al [13] stated that ZrO2 has some kind of crystal structure including monoclinic, tetragonal or a mixture of both, pseudo-hexagonal, rhombohedral or trigonal and cubic where monoclinic structure gives stability to ZrO2 [7]. Calcination process does not give the effect of a modification phase, in which with increasing calcination temperature, the peak intensity of monoclinic phase increases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tools used in this study consists of a stirrer hot plate, oven, furnace (furnace), 250 mesh sieve, reflux condenser, three-neck flask, a thermometer, an analytical balance (Mettler AT-200), burette, IR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu FTIR 8201 PC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD Shimadzu 6000), GC-MS (Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010S), [7], with slight modifications. A total of 10 g of ZrOCl 2 ·8H 2 O put in 150 mL of 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution is then stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 24 h. Solids produced in the oven at 100 °C for 24 h and then crushed and sieved using a 250 mesh sieve.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Preparation from Oil Fraction of Crude Pond Palm Oil through ZrO2/SO3H+-Catalyzed Esterification Followed by KOH-Catalyzed Transesterification

Wijaya¹,

Herlina²,

Trisunaryanti³

et al. 2018

Asian J. Chem.

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The synthesis of biodiesel from crude pond palm oil (CPO) fraction has been performed using ZrO2/SO3 -H + catalyst. The research was carried out via two processes. First process, i.e. catalyst preparation of ZrO2/SO3 -H + was performed through wet impregnation method by mixing 1 g ZrOCl2·8H2O with 15 mL (0.5 M) of H2SO4. The second process, involved the synthesis of biodiesel was performed in 2 stages, namely esterification of crude palm oil fraction catalyzed by ZrO2/SO3 -H + and transesterification using KOH catalyst. Results showed that ZrO2/SO3 -H + has been successfully synthesized from ZrOCl2·8H2O and H2SO4 which have been proven by FT-IR and XRD analysis. Biodiesel could be synthesized by esterification catalyzed by ZrO2/SO3 -H + and KOH catalyzed transesterification with 68.96 % conversion. Biodiesel formation is evidenced by the appearance of several peaks corresponding to the peak of methyl palmitate (48.51 %), methyl oleate (46.38 %), methyl stearate (3.84 %), methyl myristate (0.97 %) and methyl laurate (0.3 %). Based on ASTM data, biodiesel can be used as diesel fuel refers to SNI 04-7182-2006.

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“…Recently, Patel and co-workers [26] reported the esterification of oleic acid for biodiesel synthesis using sulfated zirconia as the catalyst. As can be seen from the results of this work, ZrO 2 /SO 4 2-demonstrated a significant activity towards esterification under mild conditions, with a maximum yield of 90% of methyl oleate in the optimal conditions: reaction temperature of 60°C, amount of catalyst 0.5 g, acid to alcohol ratio of 1:40, and reaction time 12 h. Furthermore, this study also reveals the potential application of this catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil and Jatropha oil without any pretreatment via transesterification.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercritical fluid technology in biodiesel production

Hoang

Bensaid

Saracco

2013

Green Processing and Synthesis

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Abstract:The synthesis of biodiesel has received attention as an alternative source of energy to decrease our dependence on petroleum-based fuels. The catalyzed processes present a series of limitations and drawbacks, among them the high energy required for complex purification and undesirable side reactions. Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology is being proved an efficient approach compared to traditional methods for preparing biodiesel. This review illustrates the advances, advantages, and drawbacks involved in the use of all current biodiesel production technologies.Keywords: biodiesel; catalyst; non-catalytic; supercritical fluid; transesterification. List of abbreviationsBDF, biodiesel fuel; FA, fatty acid; FFA, free fatty acid; FAAE, fatty acid alkyl ester; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; FAEE, fatty acid ethyl

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Biodiesel production by esterification of free fatty acid over sulfated zirconia

Cited by 128 publications

References 22 publications

Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Synthesis and characterization of sulfated zirconia mesopore and its application on lauric acid esterification

Biodiesel Preparation from Oil Fraction of Crude Pond Palm Oil through ZrO2/SO3H+-Catalyzed Esterification Followed by KOH-Catalyzed Transesterification

Supercritical fluid technology in biodiesel production

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