Biodiesel production by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) seed oil

Optimization of the Production of Enzymatic Biodiesel from Residual Babassu Oil (Orbignya sp.) via RSM

“…The authors Nayak and Vyas, (2019) [78] showed that the enzyme was deactivated at a 1:15 molar ratio (papaya oil/methanol) reducing the conversion to methyl esters; however, in the proportion of 1:3 and 1:9, the reaction rate was directly favored resulting in better biodiesel yields. A similar result was observed that in the proportion range between 1:3 (sweet basil seed oil/methanol) and 1:12 (sweet basil seed oil/methanol) there was a gradual increase in conversion to methyl ester and between 1:12 (sweet basil seed oil/methanol) and 1:15 (sweet basil seed oil/methanol), a reduction was observed [41]. Even with an excess of 1:15 (fatty acids/ethanol), the biocatalyst continued to present its catalytic activity, as it did not suffer from inhibition of ethanol, unlike methanol, which exerts a greater inhibition in enzymatic activity [79].…”

“…In the present study, the time varied between 2 and 6 h, but there were no variations in the conversion values in the adopted time interval. This time range adopted in the present work differs from that reported in the literature by Amini et al (2017) [41], in which time ranging from 12 to 72 h was evaluated, using a 1:12 molar ratio (sweet basil seed oil: methanol), 5% w/w biocatalyst content (Novozym ® 435) and a reaction temperature of 40 • C. The yield in ester gradually increased in the interval from 24 to 72 h. In 48 h of reaction, the conversion presented was 89% and at 72 h, the conversion was 92%. It was possible to observe in the present work, in the time of 2 h, using a ratio of 1:15 (free fatty acids/ethanol), with a load of 0.15 g of biocatalyst at a temperature of 30 • C, it was possible to obtain the conversion of 91.11%.…”

“…It is important to note that the conversion is influenced by the substrate properties and the nature of the catalyst. For the complete conversion of ethanol and free fatty acids or oil to fatty acid ethyl ester, a stoichiometric ratio of three moles of alcohol is required for each mole of the substrate, which may vary in different systems [41]. The molar ratio (free fatty acids/ethanol) was one of the parameters that most influenced the biodiesel conversion in the present work.…”

“…Thus, the temperature was not a parameter that influenced the biodiesel conversion in the present study. The authors Amini et al (2017) [41], reported in their work that a significant change was observed in the biodiesel conversion in a temperature range from 30 to 40 • C. In the range from 40 to 60 • C, there was no significant change. While in the range from 60 to 70 • C there was a drop-in conversion, which may be linked to the denaturation of the enzyme during the process.…”

Fatty Acid Composition, Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Activity on Seed Coat and Kernel of Paeonia ostii from Main Geographic Production Areas

“…Among FAs, α-linolenic acid (ALA), a kind of unsaturated fatty acid (UFAs), is an essential human dietary nutrient with health promoting effects that cannot be synthesized independently within the body [4]. Seeds from various plant species were detected with high levels of ALA, including Ocimum basilicum (50.10%-67.61%) [5,6], Lasiococca comberi (65.30%) [7], Linum usitatissimum (46.33%-55.47%) [8], Eucommia ulmoides (56.51%) [9], and Paeonia suffruticosa (21%-54%) [10]. ALA is the most important n-3 fatty acid from vegetables from a dietary perspective.…”