Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil by Using Calcium Oxide Derived from Mud Clam Shell

Abstract

The catalytic potential of calcium oxide synthesized from mud clam shell as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production was studied. The mud clam shell calcium oxide was characterized using particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and BET gas sorption analyzer. The catalyst performance of mud clam shell calcium oxide was studied in the transesterification of castor oil as biodiesel. Catalyst characterization and transesterification study results of synthesized catalyst proved the efficiency of the natural derived catalyst for biodiesel production. A highest biodiesel yield of 96.7% was obtained at optimal parameters such as 1 : 14 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 3% w/w catalyst concentration, 60°C reaction temperature, and 2-hour reaction time. Catalyst reusability test shows that the synthesized calcium oxide from mud clam shell is reusable up to 5 times.

Utilization of eggshell waste as low-cost solid base catalyst for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

“…This result is much higher than that crab shells catalyst of 13 m 2 g -1 that was stated by Boey et al (2009) [20]. Meanwhile, mud clam shell and commercial CaO have the surface area of 68.57 and 62.91 m 2 g -1 , respectively [21].…”

Deactivation Processes, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production—A Review

“…After each transesterification cycle, the catalyst was regenerated using methanol washing followed by recalcination at the optimal temperature used for catalyst preparation (850˚C) for 2 h. The regenerated catalyst was active for three consecutive cycles whereby the yield fell from 79.76% to 60.75%. Calcium oxide prepared from Mud clam shell and used in catalysis for transesterification of castor oil showed a slight decrease of biodiesel yield after five cycles with a decrement of 12.2% [38]. In the reactivation procedure used by Luque et al [64] for carbonaceous ash-like residue upon reaction completion, the catalyst was filtered off, washed thoroughly with acetone and ethanol and dried at 120˚C overnight prior calcination at 600˚C -800˚C (4 h).…”

“…Some are recently prepared from eggshells [4] [37], mud clam shell [38], shells of crab [4] [39], snails shells [40], capiz [41], Cyrtopleura costata seashells [42], and mussel shells [43]. After transesterification reaction in biodiesel production, the contaminants of the used catalysts are acyl ester, alcohol, water, free fatty acid, glycerol and soap [44] [45].…”

Study on Deactivation and Regeneration of Modified Red Mud Catalyst Used in Biodiesel Production

“…CaO from mud clam shells n-hexane, 900˚C 96.7 to 74.5 [28] CaZnO n-hexane, MeOH, 800˚C (3 h) 80 to <80 [29] CaO from biomass Acetone, EtOH, 600˚C -800˚C (4 h) 75 to 50 [30] CaO from waste cockle shells MeOH, n-hexane, 900˚C (2 h) >97 [31] Modified red mud n-hexane, 700˚C (2 h) 99.6 to 96.8 This study Figure 6. Structure of hexane.…”