Biodiesel production from crude palm oil using sulfonic acid-modified mesostructured catalysts

Melero, Juan A.; Bautista, Luis Fernando; Morales, Gabriel; Iglesias, José; Sánchez-Vázquez, Rebeca

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2009.12.037

Cited by 178 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the case of sulfonated carbons, deactivation has been attributed to leaching of soluble polycyclic aromatics with sulfonic groups [14,33], simple physical loss of catalyst [15], or hydrolysis of sulfonic groups [34]. Other acid catalysts have also shown a similar behaviour with respect to stability in esterification reactions, that have been explained by leaching problems in sulfated zirconia [35], hydrocarbon accumulation in SAC-13 [36] and organosulfonic silica [37], and several reasons, including leaching of sulfonic species, water and glycerol adsorption, and even reaction with methanol in the case of sulfonic-acid modified SBA-15 [38,39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Both effects may be due either to a strong physisorption of molecular methanol by formation of hydrogen bonds with the highly oxygenated structure of the hydrothermal carbon or to chemical reaction of methanol with some sulfonic groups leading to surface methyl sulfonates. Some authors have proposed this possibility in the deactivation of mesoporous silicas modified with sulfonic groups [38,39], but without experimental evidences.…”

Section: Nmr Study Of Deactivated Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

Fraile

García‐Bordejé

Roldán

2012

Journal of Catalysis

104

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Sulfonated hydrothermal carbons show high activity for esterification of palmitic acid with alcohols. However, the catalyst is significantly deactivated upon recovery. Leaching of sulfonated species does not account for this deactivation, which is observed even by pretreatment only with the alcohol under reflux. Solid state NMR shows the presence of chemically bound alkyl groups coming from the alcohol, clearly different from strongly physisorbed species obtained by pretreatment at room temperature. The formation of sulfonate esters accounts for the deactivation behavior in reactions taking place in alcohols as solvents, mainly with methanol due to its higher reactivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Nmr Study Of Deactivated Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

Fraile

García‐Bordejé

Roldán

2012

Journal of Catalysis

104

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“…Para sanar as limitações da transesterificação básica homogênea, poder-se-ia produzir biodiesel por catálise homogênea ácida utilizando um ácido forte de Brönsted (doador de prótons), no entanto essa rota reacional é menos lenta em comparação à rota básica, diminui o rendimento de biodiesel, além de causar corrosão dos equipamentos. 4,8,9 A adequação de matérias-primas oleaginosas de baixa qualidade, ou seja, contendo elevado índice de acidez e elevado teor de água na obtenção sustentável de biodiesel, é de fundamental importân-cia. Estes insumos energéticos, se tratados adequadamente, podem contribuir de forma positiva para a preservação ambiental e redução do custo do processo reacional de transesterificação, tornando o biodiesel mais competitivo em comparação ao diesel de petróleo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Em geral, uma esterificação prévia é necessária, de forma a diminuir a concentração de ácidos graxos livres e permitir a posterior transesterificação básica da matéria-prima. 8,9 Os AGL reagem com a água na presença do catalisador alcalino, formando sais de ácidos graxos que dificultam a separação, lavagem e purificação do biodiesel. No final da rota reacional por transesterificação homogênea básica obtém-se duas fases distintas, uma menos densa contendo os monoésteres e uma fase mais densa contendo o glicerol.…”

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Esterificação E Transesterificação Homogênea De Óleos Vegetais Contendo Alto Teor De Ácidos Graxos Livres

Vieira¹,

Sousa²,

Rosas³

et al. 2017

Quim. Nova

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HOMOGENEOUS ESTERIFICATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION OF VEGETABLE OILS WITH HIGH FREE FATTYACIDS CONTENT. The high free fatty acids content in some vegetable oils can have a negative impact in the sustainable production of biodiesel. The previous treatment of these feedstock oils can contribute to the reduction of the process total costs as well as the environment, turning the biodiesel a more competitive in relation to the fossil diesel. The aim of this work was to adequate low cost vegetable oils to the production of biodiesel by homogeneous catalysis. The feedstock was evaluated by its acidity, by its free fatty acids content, by its saponification index and its specific mass. The Biodiesel produced was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed significant free fatty acids and humidity content, which are the main factors in the raising of the production costs. The results also showed that the esterification of the vegetable oils reduced its acidity in about 99%. The transesterification of the Brazilian nut oil previously esterified yields about 98% of biodiesel. Even though the biodiesel processing presents an alternative to the energetic self-sufficiency of Brazil, there are many challenges in the adequacy of these high acidity oils and fats for its production.Keywords: Vegetable oils; esterification; transesterification; biodiesel. INTRODUÇÃOO crescente aumento dos preços do petróleo, a possível diminuição das suas reservas mundiais ao longo das próximas décadas e os problemas ambientais de aquecimento global, causado pela emissão de gás carbônico proveniente da queima de combustíveis fósseis, têm aumentado a atratividade por fontes renováveis de energia. Entre essas fontes, uma com potencial para reduzir e/ou eliminar a dependência dos derivados de petróleo é o biodiesel. 1 O biodiesel é um combustível de queima limpa, originário de fontes naturais e renováveis como óleo vegetal, gordura animal e óleo comestível saturado gerado na cocção e fritura de alimentos. Ele possui propriedades como isenção de enxofre, maior ponto de fulgor, menor emissão de partículas de hidrocarbonetos, monóxido e dióxido de carbono, tem caráter atóxico e biodegradável que se sobrepõe em relação às propriedades dos derivados do petróleo. 2,3O método de obtenção de biodiesel mais utilizado na atualidade é o de transesterificação homogênea, no qual ocorre a interação entre os triacilglicerídeos (TAG) presentes nos óleos vegetais e/ou nas gorduras animais com um álcool de cadeia curta na presença de um catalisador de caráter básico para gerar biodiesel e glicerol. Como a reação de transesterificação é reversível, o álcool, em geral, é adicionado em excesso para deslocar o equilíbrio para direção dos produtos e garantir maior rendimento. O álcool em excesso é retirado por destilação e pode ser reutilizado após ser desidratado. [4][5][6][7] Na rota reacional por transesterificação homogênea alcalina, o catalisador é uma base forte de Brönsted (receptor de prótons). Nesse interim, ocorre inicialmente a re...

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“…The most widely used method for biodiesel production in industrial scale is conventional method using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, either acid or base catalysts [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, the conventional catalytic reaction technology is considered inefficient because of the length of time the reaction and batch time and some separation processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Testing of Hybrid Catalytic-Plasma Reactor for Biodiesel Production Using Modified-Carbon Catalyst

Buchori

Istadi

Purwanto

et al. 2016

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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Preliminary testing of hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor for biodiesel production through transesterification of soybean oil with methanol over modified-carbon catalyst was investigated. This research focused on synergetic roles of non-thermal plasma and catalysis in the transesterification process. The amount of modified-carbon catalyst with grain size of 1.75 mm was placed into fixed tubular reactor within discharge zone. The discharge zone of the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor was defined in the volume area between high voltage and ground electrodes. Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) of 1.85 h -1 of reactant feed was studied at reaction temperature of 65 o C and at ambient pressure. The modified-carbon catalyst was prepared by impregnation of active carbon within H2SO4 solution followed by drying at 100 o C for overnight and calcining at 300 o C for 3 h. It was found that biodiesel yield obtained using the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor was 92.39% and 73.91% when using active carbon and modified-carbon catalysts, respectively better than without plasma. Therefore, there were synergetic effects of non-thermal plasma and catalysis roles for driving the transesterification process. Copyright

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Biodiesel production from crude palm oil using sulfonic acid-modified mesostructured catalysts

Cited by 178 publications

References 42 publications

Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

Deactivation of sulfonated hydrothermal carbons in the presence of alcohols: Evidences for sulfonic esters formation

Esterificação E Transesterificação Homogênea De Óleos Vegetais Contendo Alto Teor De Ácidos Graxos Livres

Preliminary Testing of Hybrid Catalytic-Plasma Reactor for Biodiesel Production Using Modified-Carbon Catalyst

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