Biodiesel Production from Reutealis Trisperma Oil Using KOH Impregnated Eggshell as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Abstract

This research paper describes the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst (Potassium hydroxide (KOH)-impregnated eggshell) from waste chicken eggshell using the wet impregnation technique. In this experiment, the catalyst was derived from eggshell that was calcined at 800 °C for 5 h. It was impregnated with KOH at various KOH concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The best catalyst was obtained by eggshell impregnated with 20% KOH concentration. This result was supported by the analysis of the catalyst characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), which showed that the catalyst contained CaCO3 and CaOH groups. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was also used to analyze the types of mineral contained in the catalyst, including calcium, potassium, sulfur, and other impurities. It revealed that the optimum minerals were found in the KOH-impregnated eggshell (20%) catalyst of 94.42% calcium, 5.06% potassium, and a small amount of other impurities. These optimum minerals serve as active sites to increase the biodiesel yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the catalyst samples appear as small, spherical, homogenous, and solid particles. The catalytic activity was investigated by the transesterification of Reutalism trisperma oil in various types of catalyst (KOH-impregnated eggshell, eggshell, and KOH-impregnated CaO), percentages of catalyst loading (weight of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) and molar ratios (methanol to oil of 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1) for 60 min at 60 °C. The result indicated the optimum catalyst loading was 5 wt% with an 84.57% biodiesel yield. While the best molar ratio was 12:1 (methanol:oil) with a 97.95% biodiesel yield. The optimum condition was gained using a molar ratio of 12:1, 5 wt% catalyst loading, and KOH-impregnated eggshell with a 94% biodiesel yield.

Triglyceride Conversion of Waste Frying Oil up to 98.46% Using Low Concentration K+/CaO Catalysts Derived from Eggshells

“…There are numerous reports on the derivation of CaO from WES and impregnation with Na 6 , Zn 10 , and Cu/Zn 18 for biodiesel production. There are also reports about producing biodiesel by commercially available CaO. , Furthermore, some works of WES-derived CaO being impregnated by KOH have also been reported earlier. , However, our work demonstrates WES-derived CaO being impregnated with KOH at very low (1.25%, 2.5%, 5% w/w) concentrations and with the minimum amount of catalyst loading for producing biodiesel from multi-stage frying soybean oil. The catalyst was reused efficiently until the eighth cycle, which shows its high catalytic activity.…”

“… 19 , 20 Furthermore, some works of WES-derived CaO being impregnated by KOH have also been reported earlier. 20 , 21 However, our work demonstrates WES-derived CaO being impregnated with KOH at very low (1.25%, 2.5%, 5% w/w) concentrations and with the minimum amount of catalyst loading for producing biodiesel from multi-stage frying soybean oil. The catalyst was reused efficiently until the eighth cycle, which shows its high catalytic activity.…”

Current Progress of Jatropha Curcas Commoditisation as Biodiesel Feedstock: A Comprehensive Review

“…Consequently, much effort is being invested into developing biodiesels from non-edible vegetable oils such as Jatropha Curcas. (Takase et al, 2015), Madhuca Indica (Saravanan et al, 2010), Calophyllum Inophyllum (Azad et al, 2016;Milano et al, 2018), Ceiba Pentandra (Putri et al, 2012;Khan et al, 2015), Sapium Sebiferum (Wang et al, 2011), Euphorbia Lathyris (Wang et al, 2011;Zapata et al, 2012), Reutealis Trisperma (Kusmiyati et al, 2019), and Pongamia Pinnata oils (Sharma et al, 2009;Khayoon et al, 2012). Second-generation non-edible feedstocks may assist with food security while also lowering manufacturing costs dramatically.…”

Effect of Temperature and Concentration of Zeolite Catalysts from Geothermal Solid Waste in Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil by Esterification–Transesterification Process

“…One of the most common types of biofuels, as a substitute for diesel, is biodiesel, which can be synthesized from vegetable oil using the cracking method. Biodiesel has advantages over fuel oil, including (1) it can be used directly without engine modification; (2) the dissolved oxygen content can increase engine combustion efficiency; (3) less emission of CO, sulfur, and NO; and (4) it is environmentally friendly [3][4][5]. Based on a prospective analysis, diesel fuel is one of the fuels that has The research was conducted through two experiments.…”