Abstract:Biodiesel is marketed as a long-term renewable fuel that may partially replace fossil fuels in transportation while also helping to reduce global warming. The current study is focused on using waste animal fat as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) are used as catalysts, with methanol as an alcohol. Temperature at 60°C, reaction time 2 hrs for acid catalyst, and 55°C, reaction time 90 min for base catalyst with a methanol to oil ratio of 5 : 1 are the exper… Show more
“…The top layer is taken and washed with hot distilled water to remove alcohol, glycerine and catalyst residues, then filtered to get rid of glycerol residue, then dried at 110 ° C for 2 h to get rid of water residue. The efficiency of conversion reaction (biodiesel yield%) was estimated using the following equation [ 23 ]. Fig.…”
“…The top layer is taken and washed with hot distilled water to remove alcohol, glycerine and catalyst residues, then filtered to get rid of glycerol residue, then dried at 110 ° C for 2 h to get rid of water residue. The efficiency of conversion reaction (biodiesel yield%) was estimated using the following equation [ 23 ]. Fig.…”
“…Before going for biodiesel production by transesteri cation method acid base titration was performed in order to check the acid value and free fatty acid content of oil samples because it has huge in uence on conversion of fatty acids into fatty acids methyl esters (biodiesel). Procedure adopted given in (Hasan et al 2022) used. Then Acid value and free fatty acid percentages calculated by using formula given (Al-Azad et al 2019).…”
Section: Acid Value and Free Fatty Acids Determinationmentioning
Biodiesel is an alternative, sustainable, eco-friendly, clean, biodegradable fuel that helps to get rid of fossil fuels that are not only depleting but also causing health issues for humans and environment. In present study, waste animal fats (fish and chicken waste) and aquatic weeds (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Lemna minor) were utilized as oil source for biodiesel production. Highest lipid content shown by fish waste oil that was 36% then followed by 33% in chicken waste oil, 16.7% in Eichhornia crassipies oil, 12.6% in Lemna minor oil and 4.11% in Pistia Stratiotes oil. Fatty acids converted into fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) through transesterification method. Then characterized by GCMS that confirmed the presence of highest percentages like 51% of oleic acid in Chicken waste oil biodiesel, 35.7% of palmitic acid in Fish waste oil biodiesel, 14.6% of palmitoleic acid in Eichhornia crassipies oil biodiesel, 61.7% of phthalic acid in Lemna minor oil biodiesel and 10.9% of linoleic acid in Pistia Stratiotes oil biodiesel. Physicochemical analysis of each biodiesel confirmed within the ASTM standard. Emission performance of biodiesel and petro-diesel blends showed maximum decrement in CO (26%, 22%, 24% and 23%), NO (90%, 80%, 60% and 60%), SO2 (70%, 87%, 87% and 83%)and smoke (25%, 50%, 25% and 62%) were observed in fish waste oil biodiesel, Eichhornia crassipies oil biodiesel, Pistia Stratiotes oil biodiesel and Lemna minor oil biodiesel respectively. Similarly increment in CO2 (3.75%, 3.8%, 3.72%, and 3.8%) and O2 (11.62%, 11.32%, 11.57% and 11.68%) was observed respectively because biodiesel have more oxygen content that make the complete combustion of fuel. Thus, biodiesel can adopted as an alternative fuel having less environment impact.
“…However, the biodiesel production process can be further optimized by leveraging solid wastes as catalysts in a heterogeneously catalyzed process. Heterogeneous catalysis offers distinct advantages over its homogeneous counterpart, including ease of separation, potential for catalyst reuse, and enhanced reaction efficiencies ( Weldeslase et al, 2023 ; Ulukardesler, 2023 ; Veluru et al, 2022 ; Salihu et al, 2021 ; Nixon et al, 2022 ; Hasan and Ratnam, 2022 ; Shaban, 2012 ; Elgharbawy et al, 2021 ; Suzihaque et al, 2022 ; Monika and Pathak, 2023 ; A Alotaibi et al, 2024 ). Several researchers have investigated the use of solid waste as a catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel.…”
This study explores the innovative application of iron filings solid waste, a byproduct from mechanical workshops, as a heterogeneous catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Focusing on sustainability and waste valorization, the research presents a dual-benefit approach: addressing the environmental issue of solid waste disposal while contributing to the renewable energy sector. Particle size distribution analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and FTIR analysis were used to characterize the iron filings. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to guide a series of experiments that were conducted to identify the optimum transesterification settings. Important factors that greatly affect the production of biodiesel are identified by the study, including catalyst loading, reaction time, methanol-to-oil ratio, reaction temperature, and stirring rate. The catalyst proved to be successful as evidenced by the 96.4% biodiesel conversion efficiency attained under ideal conditions. The iron filings catalyst’s reusability was evaluated, demonstrating its potential for numerous applications without noticeably decreasing activity. This work offers a road towards more environmentally friendly and sustainable chemical processes in energy production by making a strong argument for using industrial solid waste as a catalyst in the biodiesel manufacturing process.
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