Biodiesel production using cation-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst

Synthesis and catalytic activity of hydration–dehydration treated clamshell derived CaO for biodiesel production

“…The rate of transesterification increased when large amount of methanol was used. This was due to the increased diffusion and miscibility between methanol and oil (Dasari et al, 2003;Feng et al, 2010). Therefore, the reaction was accelerated and simultaneously drove the reaction towards more methyl ester production.…”

Nano-magnetic catalyst KF/CaO–Fe3O4 for biodiesel production

“…In order to circumvent the difficulties with homogeneous catalysts, many researches have been conducted in search for ideal solid catalysts that have high stability, strong active sites, mesoporous and low cost [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Despite the solid catalysts are intensively investigated, there are still many difficulties for industrial applications [16].…”

Comparison of Novozyme 435 and Purolite D5081 as heterogeneous catalysts for the pretreatment of used cooking oil for biodiesel production

“…Currently most esterification processes use homogeneous catalysts such as sulfuric or sulfonic acid [5,14], however, homogenous catalysts are difficult to separate from the products, generate large amounts of waste water, and require expensive materials to prevent associated corrosion [15]. As a result solid acid catalysts such as ionexchange resins have been investigated as heterogeneous esterification catalysts with high FFA conversions reported [12,16,17]. Acid catalysts can also be used for transesterification, however, the reaction rate is much slower [10].…”