Biodiesel synthesis from Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand-Mazz integrating ethanol production using biorefinery approach

Rozina, Miss; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Zafar, Muhammad; Ali, Nasir; Lu, Houfang

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.074

Cited by 37 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…When titrating a sample, a known quantity of PMSO was used with 9 mL of isopropanol and a few drops of phenolphthalein. This process was done thrice to calculate the mean FFA content of PMSO using Equation (5) (Ahmad et al., 2017).

\mathrm{FFA}=\frac{\left(\mathrm{Vol}.\kern0.5em \mathrm{used}\ \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{sample}\ \mathrm{titration}-\mathrm{Vol}.\kern0.5em \mathrm{used}\ \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{blank}\ \mathrm{titration}\right)\times \kern0.5em \mathrm{Mass}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{catalyst}\ \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{Total}\ \mathrm{volume}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{oil}\ \mathrm{used}}

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green synthesis of highly active and recyclable chromium oxide nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from novel nonedible oil seeds

Bibi,

Ahmad,

Osman

et al. 2024

GCB Bioenergy

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This study explores the sustainable production of biodiesel from nonedible Phyllanthus maderaspatensis seed oil (highest oil content of 35%, FFA 0.87 mg/KOH), utilizing an innovative green synthesis approach for chromium oxide nanoparticles derived from the waste fruit parts of Aubergine for the very first time in the current work. In pursuit of alternatives to fossil fuels, our research underscores the environmental and socio‐economic benefits of biofuels, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The optimized process yielded a 92% biodiesel conversion under conditions of a 9:1 methanol‐to‐oil ratio, 0.135 wt.% catalyst concentration, and a reaction duration of 150 min at 80°C. Comprehensive analysis techniques, including XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, Zeta analysis, differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), GC–MS, and NMR (1H, 13C), were employed to characterize the synthesized nanocatalyst and biodiesel product. The biodiesel's fuel properties, such as acid value, fire point, pour point, viscosity, kinematic density, sulfur content, and cloud point, were rigorously tested, demonstrating compliance with international standards (ASTM D‐6571, EN 14214, and GB/T 20828‐2007). The use of P. maderaspatensis seed oil, an economical and environmentally friendly feedstock, in conjunction with a cost‐effective nanocatalyst, presents a viable pathway for the sustainable and scalable production of biodiesel. This study contributes to the advancement of bioproducts for a sustainable bioeconomy by demonstrating an integrated approach to bioenergy production that leverages biotechnological innovations and addresses both environmental and socio‐economic dimensions.

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\mathrm{FFA}=\frac{\left(\mathrm{Vol}.\kern0.5em \mathrm{used}\ \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{sample}\ \mathrm{titration}-\mathrm{Vol}.\kern0.5em \mathrm{used}\ \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{blank}\ \mathrm{titration}\right)\times \kern0.5em \mathrm{Mass}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{catalyst}\ \mathrm{in}\ \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}}{\mathrm{Total}\ \mathrm{volume}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{oil}\ \mathrm{used}}

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determination Of Ffa Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green synthesis of highly active and recyclable chromium oxide nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from novel nonedible oil seeds

Bibi,

Ahmad,

Osman

et al. 2024

GCB Bioenergy

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Implication, visualization, and characterization through scanning electron microscopy as a tool to identify nonedible oil seeds

Cheema

Ahmad

Ullah

et al. 2020

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Second‐generation biofuels prove to be a distinctive and renewable source of sustainable energy and cleaner environment. The current study focuses on the exploration and identification of four nonedible sources, that is, Brassica oleracea L., Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb., Carthamus tinctorius L., and Beaumontia grandiflora Wall., utilizing light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for studying the detailed micromorphological features of these seeds. LM revealed that size ranges from 3 to 20 mm. furthermore, a great variety of color is observed from pitch black to greenish gray and yellowish white to off white. Seeds ultrastructure study with the help of SEM revealed a great variety in shape, size, color, sculpturing and periclinal wall shape, and so on. Followed by the production of fatty acid methyl esters from a novel source, that is, seeds oil of Brassica oleracea L. (seed oil content 42.20%, FFA content 0.329 mg KOH/g) using triple metal impregnated montmorillonite clay catalyst (Cu‐Mg‐Zn‐Mmt). Catalyst was characterized using SEM–EDX, FT‐IR. Maximum yield of Brassica oleracea L. biodiesel (87%) was obtained at the conditions; 1:9 of oil to methanol ratio, 0.5 g of catalyst, 5 hr reaction time, and 90°C of temperature. Synthesized biodiesel was characterized by FT‐IR, GC–MS, and NMR. Fuel properties of the Brassica oleracea L. FAMES were determined and found in accordance with ASTM standards.

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Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil

Niazi

Ahmad

Elnaggar

et al. 2021

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC–MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X‐ray, and X‐ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (−13°C), cloud point (−9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.

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Biodiesel synthesis from Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand-Mazz integrating ethanol production using biorefinery approach

Cited by 37 publications

References 66 publications

Green synthesis of highly active and recyclable chromium oxide nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from novel nonedible oil seeds

Green synthesis of highly active and recyclable chromium oxide nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from novel nonedible oil seeds

Implication, visualization, and characterization through scanning electron microscopy as a tool to identify nonedible oil seeds

Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil

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