Biodiversity and systematics of nematode–bacterium entomopathogens

Adams, Byron J.; Fodor, Anna; Koppenhöfer, Heather S.; Stackebrandt, Erko; Stock, S. Patricia; Klein, Michael G.

doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.11.008

Cited by 143 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…The association between nematodes and parasites is quite specific; each species of Steinernema associates with a single species of Xenorhabdus, although one species of Xenorhabdus may associate with more than one Steinernema sp. (Adams et al, 2006). Steinernema spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

O’Callaghan

Zenner

Hartley

et al. 2014

International Journal for Parasitology

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a b s t r a c tThere is evidence of competition within and between helminth species, but the mechanisms involved are not well described. In interference competition, organisms prevent each other from using the contested resource through direct negative interactions, either chemical or physical. Steinernema spp. are entomopathogenic nematodes; they enter a living insect host which they kill and consume with the aid of symbiotic bacteria. Several studies have demonstrated intra-and interspecific competition in Steinernema, mediated by a scramble for resources and by incompatibility of the bacterial symbiont. Here we describe a mechanism by which male Steinernema may compete directly for resources, both food (host) and females, by physically injuring or killing members of another species as well as males of their own species. A series of experiments was conducted in hanging drops of insect haemolymph. Males of each of four species (Steinernema longicaudum, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema kraussei and Steinernema feltiae), representing three of the five phylogenetic clades of the genus, killed each other. Within 48 h, up to 86% of pairs included at least one dead male, compared with negligible mortality in single male controls. There was evidence of intraspecific difference: one strain of S. feltiae (4CFMO) killed while another (UK76) did not. Males also killed both females and males of other Steinernema spp. There was evidence of a hierarchy of killing, with highest mortality due to S. longicaudum followed by S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei and S. feltiae. Wax moth larvae were co-infected with members of two Steinernema spp. to confirm that killing also takes place in the natural environment of an insect cadaver. When insects were co-infected with one infective juvenile of each species, S. longicaudum males killed both S. feltiae UK76 and Steinernema hermaphroditum. Wax moths co-infected with larger, equal numbers of S. longicaudum and S. feltiae UK76 produced mainly S. longicaudum progeny, as expected based on hanging drop experiments. Ó

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

O’Callaghan

Zenner

Hartley

et al. 2014

International Journal for Parasitology

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“…Both exploitation and interference competition are implicated in the dominance of one Steinernema species over another, with the bacterial symbiont playing a role here also. Each species of Steinernema associates with a single species of Xenorhabdus, though one species of Xenorhabdus may associate with more than one Steinernema species (Adams et al, 2006). Although some species of Steinernema may feed on Xenorhabdus other than their natural associate, or even develop without symbiont, other Xenorhabdus less closely related to the natural associate may be detrimental to reproduction (Sicard et al, 2004;Sicard, Ramone, Le Brun, Pages, & Moulia, 2005).…”

Section: Competitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Following Application

Griffin

2015

Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests

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“…7) is able to transmit a bacterium into the insect [50]. Since then, eleven species of Heterorhabditis have been isolated, described, and studied [51,52]. The life cycle of H. [49] bacteriophora is an intriguing process (Fig.…”

Section: Heterorhabditis Bacteriophoramentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Production of the Beneficial Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Its Bacterial Symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens

2012

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Entomoparasitic nematodes (EPNs) are being commercialized as a biocontrol measure for crop insect pests, as they provide advantages over common chemical insecticides. Mass production of these nematodes in liquid media has become a major challenge for commercialization. Producers are not willing to share the trade secrets of mass production and by doing so, have made culturing EPNs extremely difficult to advance existing technologies. Theoretically, mass production in liquid media is an ideal culturing method as it increases cost efficiency and nematode quantity. This paper will review current culturing methodologies and suggest basic culturing parameters for mass production. This review is focused on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; however, this information can be useful for other nematode species.

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Biodiversity and systematics of nematode–bacterium entomopathogens

Cited by 143 publications

References 127 publications

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

Interference competition in entomopathogenic nematodes: male Steinernema kill members of their own and other species

Behaviour and Population Dynamics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Following Application

Mass Production of the Beneficial Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Its Bacterial Symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens

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