Biodiversity of Actinomycetes and Their Secondary Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: Among prokaryotes, Actinomycetes are one of the most explored microorganism due to their capability of novel bioactive secondary metabolites production. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites are known for their role in different cellular, physiological and biological processes. Main body: Actinomycetes are most widely distributed in natural ecosystem habitats such as soil, hypersaline soil, rhizosphere soil, freshwater, limestone, volcanic cave, marine sediments, sponges, and desert. Actinomycetes bioactive secondary metabolites most important features are that they have specific microbial producers, diverse bioactivities and unique chemical structures. Some important antibiotics produced by actinomycetes are actinomycetin, mycetin, micromonosporin and from actinomyces are lysozyme, actinomycin, streptothricin, proactinomycin and streptomycin. These antibiotics differ greatly in their structure, antimicrobial and toxicity properties. Actinomycetes secondary metabolites include spirotetronate, quinones, lactams, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, diketones, aromatic ketones, ansamycin, glycopeptides, lactones, Tetracenediones, anthracyclines, macrolides, fattiviracins, polyenes and tetracyclines, natural polycyclic polyketide. Conclusion: This review study summarized that Actinomycetes are naturally distributed species found in diverse environments. It is assumed that actinomycetes species found in extreme conditions have the capability to produce novel bioactive secondary metabolites that remain unexplored yet.

Bioactive compounds of the Actinomycetes isolated from Garmsar Saline River, Iran

“…Actinomycetes play a crucial role in the production of various bioactive secondary metabolites. Research has shown that hypersaline soil, rhizosphere soil, marine sediments, and deserts are rich sources of diverse secondary metabolites due to the presence of Actinomycetes species, especially those found in near-extreme conditions, which are highly valued for their potential in novel secondary metabolite production (Khan et al, 2022). Efforts have been made to explore new habitats for screening actinomycete strains capable of producing novel secondary metabolites (Al-Shaibani et al, 2021).…”

Making Islam Work

“…Hizmet covers all the participants' financial costs ( van Bruinessen 2010). During these conferences, often organised together with academic or private partners, the movement's peace-building and charitable activities are particularly highlighted, and these themes are also regularly discussed in the books, articles, and pamphlets they publish (Yükleyen 2012;Khan and Khan 2018).…”

“… See Carroll (2007);Hunt and Aslandoğan (2007);Yilmaz (2007);Çelik (2010);Ebaugh (2010);Esposito and Yilmaz (2010);Khan and Khan (2018);Alam (2019). 8 See e.g.,Gülen (1994;2010a;2010b).Thijl Sunier -978-90-04-68492-8 Downloaded from Brill.com 06/02/2024 02:54:32AM via Open Access.…”

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“…Through two key signaling pathways, NF-κB is activated in response to immunological and stress stimuli. 65 Additionally, NF-κB is essential for healthy immune responses to infections, but aberrant NF-κB activation is a significant contributor to inflammatory disorders. Blocking this pathway is a viable strategy for the prevention of unfavorable cardiac remodeling because activation of NF-κB is closely associated with the emergence of heart expansion and hypertrophy.…”