Biodiversity of avian trypanosomes

Zídková, Lenka; Čepička, Ivan; Szabová, Jana; Svobodová, Milena

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.10.022

Cited by 47 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…BLAST search the SSU rRNA gene demonstrated that all four specimens were infected by avian trypanosomes from the T. bennetti ( s.l .) group [1]. This was confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis of the group A, which also showed that the sequences branch at three different positions (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…BLAST indicated that all four newly determined sequences belonged to the avian trypanosome group A as defined in [1] (i.e. they appeared closely related to T. bennetti ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avian trypanosomes, although being widespread, are neglected due to their low economic importance, yet they are used as model parasites in the research of host-parasite interactions. Based on molecular studies, avian trypanosomes have been shown to form three distinct evolutionary groups, each consisting of several lineages [1–3]. Although the life-cycles of several lineages of avian trypanosomes belonging to groups B and C have been clarified (see below), many of them remain unknown, including the entire T. bennetti ( s.l .)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T. bennetti was originally isolated from American Kestrel ( Falco sparverius ), and described on the basis of the morphology of culture forms, lectin binding patterns, and isoenzyme analysis; no bloodstream trypomastigote has been found, and the parasites did not establish infection in Aedes aegypti that fed on infected birds [9]. Later, strains belonging to T. bennetti group were found in European passerine birds as well as in raptors, and isolation from nestlings and yearlings confirmed local transmission [1]. The T. bennetti parasites were never found in blood-sucking Diptera, including numerous biting midges trapped while attacking raptor nestlings [4, 10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of avian trypanosomes

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAlthough avian trypanosomes are widespread parasites, the knowledge of their vectors is still incomplete. Despite biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are considered as potential vectors of avian trypanosomes, their role in transmission has not been satisfactorily elucidated. Our aim was to clarify the potential of biting midges to sustain the development of avian trypanosomes by testing their susceptibility to different strains of avian trypanosomes experimentally. Moreover, we screened biting midges for natural infections in the wild.ResultsLaboratory-bred biting midges Culicoides nubeculosus were highly susceptible to trypanosomes from the Trypanosoma bennetti and T. avium clades. Infection rates reached 100%, heavy infections developed in 55–87% of blood-fed females. Parasite stages from the insect gut were infective for birds. Moreover, midges could be infected after feeding on a trypanosome-positive bird. Avian trypanosomes can thus complete their cycle in birds and biting midges. Furthermore, we succeeded to find infected blood meal-free biting midges in the wild.ConclusionsBiting midges are probable vectors of avian trypanosomes belonging to T. bennetti group. Midges are highly susceptible to artificial infections, can be infected after feeding on birds, and T. bennetti-infected biting midges (Culicoides spp.) have been found in nature. Moreover, midges can be used as model hosts producing metacyclic avian trypanosome stages infective for avian hosts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…BLAST indicated that all four newly determined sequences belonged to the avian trypanosome group A as defined in [1] (i.e. they appeared closely related to T. bennetti ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of avian trypanosomes

et al. 2017

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“…Most trypanosomes, especially T. avium, which is transmitted by blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae), T. bennetti, whose vector is unknown, and T. corvi, which is transmitted by hippoboscid flies (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) were isolated from raptor birds [4,24,[31][32][33][34] . Therefore, more detailed studies on avian trypanosomiasis, especially on the condition of the disease in the vectors, will solve questions about avian host-parasite relationships.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Türkiye’nin Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde Kazlarda (Anser anser domesticus) Trypanosoma spp. Prevalansı ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu

Taşçi¹,

Vatansever²,

Aydın³

et al. 2018

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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Avian trypanosomiosis is a protozoan disease transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods belonging to the Simuliidae, Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Hippoboscidae, and Dermanyssidae. Trypanosoma spp. are diagnosed by using microscopic and/or molecular methods. In this study, a total of 400 domestic geese blood samples were examined using nested PCR with the primers that amplify a gene fragment of 18S rRNA of Trypanosoma spp. The molecular prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. was determined as 50.25%. 18S rRNA amplicons from the two positive isolates were sequenced with the PCR primers. The obtained sequences from the two isolates exhibited 99.7% identity to each other. Sequence and blastn analyses revealed that two isolates were highly identical (99.7-100%) to the published 18S rRNA sequences of T. thomasbancrofti, T. gallinarum and T. avium from Xanthomyza phrygia (regent honeyeater) and Gallus gallus (the red junglefowl). This study provides the first molecular data on Trypanosoma generations in poultry from Turkey. The presence of Trypanosoma spp. was also firstly identified in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) in the world by molecular tools and genetic characterization of a short fragment of the 18S rRNA gene region has been achieved. Keywords: Domestic geese, Kars, Molecular characterization, Trypanosoma spp. Türkiye'nin Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde Kazlarda (Anser anser domesticus) Trypanosoma spp. Prevalansı ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu ÖzKanatlı trypanosomiosisi, Simuliidae, Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Hippoboscidae ve Dermanyssidae ailelerinde bulunan kan emen artropodlar tarafından bulaştırılan bir protozoan enfeksiyonudur. Trypanosoma türleri mikroskobik ve/veya moleküler yöntemlerle teşhis edilebilir. Bu çalışmada, Trypanosoma türlerinin 18S rRNA gen fragmanını çoğaltan primerler kullanılarak nested PCR ile toplam 400 kazın kan örneği incelenmiştir. Trypanosoma spp. prevalansı %50.25 olarak tespit edilmiştir. İki pozitif izolattan elde edilen 18S rRNA amplikonlarının PCR primerleri ile sekans analizi yaptırılmıştır. İki izolattan elde edilen sekanslar birbirleri ile %99.7 oranında identiklik göstermiştir. Sekans ve blastn analizleri, bu iki izolatın Xanthomyza phrygia (regent honeyeater) ve Gallus gallus'tan (kırmızı junglefowl) izole edilen T. thomasbancrofti, T. gallinarum ve T. avium'un 18S rRNA dizilimlerine çok benzer olduğunu (%99.7-100) ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışma Türkiye'de kanatlılarda yayılış gösteren Trypanosoma türleriyle ilgili ilk moleküler verileri sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca Trypanosoma türlerinin evcil kazlarda (Anser anser domesticus) varlığı dünyada ilk olarak tespit edilmiş ve 18S rRNA gen bölgesinin kısa bir parçasının genetik karakterizasyonu sağlanmıştır.

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Trypanosomes and haemosporidia in the buzzard (Buteo buteo) and sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus): factors affecting the prevalence of parasites

et al. 2014

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The prevalences of heteroxenous parasites are influenced by the interplay of three main actors: hosts, vectors, and the parasites themselves. We studied blood protists in the nesting populations of raptors in two different areas of the Czech Republic. Altogether, 788 nestlings and 258 adult Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) and 321 nestlings and 86 adult common buzzards (Buteo buteo) were screened for parasites by the microscopic examination of blood smears and by cultivation. We examined the role of shared vectors and parasite phylogenetic relationships on the occurrence of parasites. In different years and hosts, trypanosome prevalence ranged between 1.9 and 87.2 %, that of Leucocytozoon between 1.9 and 100 %, and Haemoproteus between 0 and 72.7 %. Coinfections with Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma, phylogenetically distant parasites but both transmitted by blackflies (Simuliidae), were more frequent than coinfections with Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus, phylogenetically closely related parasites transmitted by different vectors (blackflies and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), respectively). For example, 16.6 % buzzard nestlings were coinfected with Trypanosoma and Leucocytozoon, while only 4.8 % with Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus and 0.3 % with Trypanosoma and Haemoproteus. Nestlings in the same nest tended to have the same infection status. Furthermore, prevalence increased with the age of nestlings and with Julian date, while brood size had only a weak negative/positive effect on prevalence at the individual/brood level. Prevalences in a particular avian host species also varied between study sites and years. All these factors should thus be considered while comparing prevalences from different studies, the impact of vectors being the most important. We conclude that phylogenetically unrelated parasites that share the same vectors tend to have similar distributions within the host populations of two different raptor species.

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Biodiversity of avian trypanosomes

Cited by 47 publications

References 40 publications

Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of avian trypanosomes

Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of avian trypanosomes

Türkiye’nin Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde Kazlarda (Anser anser domesticus) Trypanosoma spp. Prevalansı ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu

Trypanosomes and haemosporidia in the buzzard (Buteo buteo) and sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus): factors affecting the prevalence of parasites

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