Biodiversity of mosquitoes and Mansonia uniformis as a potential vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Hulu Sungai Utara District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Background and Aim: Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, still remains a problem in Indonesia. The primary causative species of this disease are the filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. This study was conducted to identify the diversity of species and behavior of mosquitoes and to determine the mosquitoes that could be potential vectors of filariasis. Materials and Methods: Mosquito samples derived from Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) district in the 2017 multicenter study conducted in Indonesia were used in this cross-sectional study. The diversity of mosquito species was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. Mosquitoes were identified based on their species, and their DNA was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Transcription-insulated isothermal PCR method was used to detect microfilariae/filaria larvae in the mosquitoes. Results: Biodiversity was found in 14 species of mosquitoes belonging to five genera. The maximum number of mosquitoes was recorded from the species Mansonia dives, Culex vishnui, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Mansonia uniformis. W. bancrofti infection was detected in M. uniformis at an infectivity rate of 0.3% (n=311). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. uniformis species as a vector of W. bancrofti in HSU district, Indonesia. More efficient and accurate studies are required to aid in the lymphatic filariasis elimination programs in this subregion.

First report of entomopathogenic fungi from South Sumatra (Indonesia): pathogenicity to egg, larvae, and adult of Culex quinquefasciatus

“…The consequences of this elephantiasis disease can cause physical disability, mental, social, and financial losses (Enciso et al 2021). The higher population density of vector insects tends to be positively correlated with the higher transmission rate of this filarial worms and the higher the number of elephantiasis sufferers (Gordon et al 2018;Ridha et al 2020;Santoso et al 2021).…”

Emergence of zoonotic Brugia pahangi parasite in Thailand

“…It has four distinct developmental stages during its complete metamorphosis (i.e., egg, larva, pupa, and adult). Similar to other Mansonia , Aedes , Culex , and Anopheles [ 20 , 68 ], female adult mosquito of Ar. subalbatus has a life span 1 month or up to 1.5 month during which its gonotrophic cycle (i.e., a fecundic life span) typically requires a blood meal by feeding on vertebrates (animals or humans) [ 60 , 68 , 69 ].…”

“…Similar to other Mansonia , Aedes , Culex , and Anopheles [ 20 , 68 ], female adult mosquito of Ar. subalbatus has a life span 1 month or up to 1.5 month during which its gonotrophic cycle (i.e., a fecundic life span) typically requires a blood meal by feeding on vertebrates (animals or humans) [ 60 , 68 , 69 ]. To obtain excess amount of blood as a source of a dietary supplement that stimulates and supports egg development, it is normally engorged.…”

“…Then biting activities occur when host-seeking behaviors increase during which the moon waxes as they decrease during which the moon wanes. As compared to other night-biting mosquitoes [ 68 , 69 ], Ar. subalbatus elicits two biting cycles; highest peak of biting activities occurs early after the sunset or at dusk (18:00–20:00 h) [ 8 , 68 , 69 ] and a lesser peak at dawn (05:00–07:00 h) ( Figure-6 ).…”

Surveillance Studies Reveal Diverse and Potentially Pathogenic-Incriminated Vector Mosquito Species across Major Botswana Touristic Hotspots

“…africana by far dominated the Okavango area. Mansonia uniformis is known to feed mostly on mammals (e.g., cattle, humans) but readily bites other vertebrate hosts, including avian species [64,65]. The alarming high numbers of the duo species should serve as a potential early warning sign of the risk of emerging-re-emerging diseases and pathogen circulation across an interface of humans, livestock and wildlife in the region.…”